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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) hian mihring taksaah physiological leh pathological effect hrang hrang a nei a. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) hi biological experiment-a H2S-in nghawng a neih dan tehna atana damdawi hmanraw atan hman a ni nasa hle. NaHS solution atanga H2S hloh hi minute tlemte chauh ni mahse, rannung zirchianna thenkhatah chuan NaHS solution hi tui in tur atana H2S donor compound atan hman a ni. He zirchianna hian rat/mouse bottle-a siam NaHS concentration 30 μM nei tui in tur chu darkar 12–24 tal a awm thei em tih a zirchiang a, hei hi ziaktu thenkhatin an rawt angin a ni. Tui in tur ah NaHS (30 μM) solution siam la, rat/mouse tui bottle-ah theh nghal rawh. Tui bottle tip leh a chhung atangin darkar 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 leh 24 chhungin sample lakkhawm niin methylene blue method hmangin sulfide awm zat teh a ni. Hei bakah hian rat mipa leh hmeichhia chu kar hnih chhung NaHS (30 μM) inject an ni a, kar hmasa chhung leh kar hnihna tawp lamah ni hnih danah serum sulfide concentration an teh bawk. Tui bottle tip atanga sample lak chhuah a NaHS solution chu a nghet lo hle a; darkar 12 leh 24 hnuah 72% leh 75% zetin a tlahniam a ni. Tui bottle chhung atanga sample laknaah chuan darkar 2 chhungin NaHS tlahniam hi a langsar lo hle a; mahse, darkar 12 leh 24 hnuah 47% leh 72% zetin a tlahniam thung. NaHS injection hian rat mipa leh hmeichhia serum sulfide level a nghawng lo. Thutawp atan chuan tui in atanga siam NaHS solution te hi H2S donation atan hman loh tur a ni a, a chhan chu solution chu a nghet lo a ni. Hetianga pek dan hian rannungte chu NaHS mumal lo leh beisei aia tlem zawkah a hruai lut ang.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) hi kum 1700 atang khan toxin atan an hmang tan a; mahse, endogenous biosignaling molecule anga a chanvo awm thei chu Abe leh Kimura-te chuan kum 1996 khan an sawi a, kum sawmthum kalta chhung khan mihring system hrang hranga H2S hnathawh tam tak chu hriat chian a ni a, chu chuan H2S donor molecule-te hian natna thenkhat enkawlna emaw enkawlna emaw-ah clinical application an nei thei tih hriatchhuah a ni a Chirino leh a thawhpuiten en rawh. tun hnaia thlirletna atan.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) hi cell culture leh rannung zirchianna tam takah H2S-in nghawng a neih dan tehna atan pharmacological tool atan hman a ni nasa hle5,6,7,8. Mahse, NaHS hi H2S donor tha tak a ni lo a, a chhan chu solution-ah H2S/HS--ah rang takin a inthlak a, polysulfide-in a bawlhhlawh awlsam a, awlsam takin oxidized leh volatilized a ni Biological experiment tam takah chuan NaHS hi tuiah a inthiar a, chu chuan passive volatilization leh H2S10,11,12 hloh, H2S11,12,13 chu spontaneous oxidation, leh photolysis Original solution-a sulfide chu H2S11 volatilization vangin a bo chak hle. Container hawn takah chuan H2S half-life (t1/2) chu minute 5 vel a ni a, a concentration chu minute khatah 13% velin a tlahniam10. NaHS solution atanga hydrogen sulfide hloh hi minute tlemte chauh ni mahse, rannung zirchianna thenkhatah chuan NaHS solution hi tui in tur ah kar 1–21 chhung hydrogen sulfide awmna atan an hmang a, darkar 12–24 danah NaHS awmna solution chu an thlak thin.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Hetiang tih dan hi a ni scientific research principle nena inmil lo, damdawi hman dan tur chu chi dang, a bik takin mihringah hman dan atanga chhut tur a nih avangin.27
Biomedicine lama preclinical research hian damlo enkawlna emaw enkawlna result emaw tihchangtlun a tum a ni. Mahse, rannung zirchianna tam zawk result chu mihringah a la letling lo28,29,30. Hetianga lehlin hlawhchhamna chhan pakhat chu rannung zirchianna methodological quality ngaih pawimawh loh vang a ni30. Chuvangin, he zirchianna hian a tum ber chu zirchianna thenkhata sawi emaw, rawtna emaw angin, rat/mouse tui bottle-a 30 μM NaHS solution siam chu tui in tur ah 12–24 h chhung a awm thei em tih zirchian a ni.
He zirchiannaa experiment zawng zawng hi Iran rama laboratory-a ran enkawl leh hman dan tur kaihhruaina tihchhuah tawh angin tih a ni31. He zirchiannaa experimental report zawng zawng pawh hian ARRIVE kaihhruaina an zawm vek a ni32. He zirchiannaa experimental procedure zawng zawng hi Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences-a Ethics Committee chuan a pawm a ni.
Zinc acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) leh tui awm lo ferric chloride (CAS: 7705-08-0) te chu Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, France) atangin an lei a ni. Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) leh N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) te chu Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) atangin an lei a ni. Isoflurane hi Piramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA) atanga lei a ni. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) hi Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) atangin an lei a ni.
Tui in tur ah NaHS (30 μM) solution siam la, rat/mouse tui bottle-ah theh nghal rawh. He concentration hi H2S source atana NaHS hmanga publication tam tak atanga thlan a ni a; Sawihona tih thupui en rawh. NaHS hi hydrated molecule a ni a, hydration tui (chu chu NaHS•xH2O) a awm thei a; siamtu sawi dan chuan kan zirchiannaa NaHS hman percentage chu 70.7% (chu chu NaHS•1.3 H2O) a ni a, kan chhut danah hian he value hi kan ngaihtuah a, chutah chuan molecular weight 56.06 g/mol kan hmang a, chu chu anhydrous NaHS molecular weight a ni. Water of hydration (water of crystallization an ti bawk) chu crystalline structure siamtu tui molecule te an ni33. Hydrates hian anhydrates nen khaikhin chuan physical leh thermodynamic property hrang hrang a nei a34.
Tui in tur ah NaHS dah hmain solvent pH leh temperature teh hmasa phawt ang che. NaHS solution chu ran cage chhunga rat/mouse tui bottle-ah theh nghal rawh. Sulfide awm zat tehna atan 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, leh 24 h-ah tip atang leh tui bottle chhung atangin sample lakkhawm a ni. Sampling neih apiangin sulfide tehna an la nghal vek a ni. Tube tip atanga sample kan lak chhan chu zirchianna thenkhatah chuan tui tube pore size te tak te hian H2S evaporation a tih tlem theih thu an tarlang a ni15,19. He thu hi bottle chhunga solution pawh a hman theih niin a lang. Mahse, tui bottle kawr chhunga solution awm, evaporation rate sang zawk nei leh autoxidizing a nih avangin chutiang chu a ni lo; a nihna takah chuan rannungte hian he tui hi an in hmasa ber a ni.
He zirchiannaah hian Wistar rat mipa leh hmeichhia hman a ni. Rat te hi polypropylene cage (cage khatah rat 2–3) ah standard condition (temperature 21–26 °C, humidity 32–40%) ah 12 h light (zing dar 7 atanga zan dar 7) leh 12 h thim (zan dar 7 atanga zing dar 7) ah dah an ni. Rat te hian tap tui zalen takin an hmu thei a, standard chow (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran) an pe bawk. Kum inang (thla 6) hmeichhia (n=10, taksa rih zawng: 190–230 g) leh mipa (n=10, taksa rih zawng: 320–370 g) Wistar rats chu randomly-in control leh NaHS (30 μM) hmanga enkawl group-ah (group khatah n=5) ṭhen an ni. Sample size hriat nan KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) approach kan hmang a, hei hian a hmaa thil tawn leh power analysis te a hmang khawm a ni35. Rat 3-ah pilot study kan nei hmasa a, mean serum total sulfide level leh standard deviation (8.1 ± 0.81 μM) kan teh a. Tichuan, 80% power ngaihtuah a, two-sided 5% significance level ngaihtuah chungin, experimental animals sample size chhut nan Festing-a’n a rawt predefined value nen standardized effect size 2.02 nena inmil, preliminary sample size (n = 5 based on previous literature) kan ruat a He value hi SD (2.02 × 0.81) nena kan puntir hnuah chuan predicted detectable effect size (1.6 μM) chu 20% a ni a, hei hi pawm theih a ni. Hei hian group hrang hrang inkara 20% mean change hmuhchhuah nan n = 5/group a tawk tihna a ni. Rat te chu Excel software 36 random function hmangin control leh NaSH hmanga enkawl group-ah randomly then an ni (Supplementary Fig. 1). Blinding hi outcome level-ah an ti a, biochemical measurement titu investigator-te chuan group assignment an hre lo.
Mipa leh hmeichhia NaHS group te chu tui in tur 30 μM NaHS solution siam hmangin kar 2 chhung an enkawl a; 24 h danah solution thar pek thin a ni a, chutih chhung chuan taksa rih zawng teh thin a ni. Kar hmasa leh kar hnihna tawp lamah ni hnih danah isoflurane anesthesia hmanga rat zawng zawng tail tip atang hian thisen sample lak a ni. Thisen sample chu 3000 g-ah min 10 chhung centrifuged a ni a, serum chu thenfai a ni a, –80°C-ah dah a ni a, a hnuah serum urea, creatinine (Cr), leh total sulfide tehna atan hman a ni. Serum urea chu enzymatic urease method hmangin an chhut a, serum creatinine chu photometric Jaffe method hmangin sumdawnna atana hman theih kit (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) leh automatic analyzer (Selectra E, serial number 0-2124, The Netherlands) hmangin an chhut bawk. Urea leh Cr te intra- leh interassay coefficient of variation chu 2.5% aia tlem a ni.
Methylene blue (MB) method hmang hian tui in tur leh NaHS awmna serum-a total sulfide tehna hman a ni a; MB hi bulk solution leh biological sample-a sulfide tehna atana hman tlanglawn ber a ni11,37. MB method hmang hian sulfide pool zawng zawng38 estimate theih a ni a, aqueous phase-a H2S, HS- leh S2 ang chi inorganic sulfide te teh theih a ni39. Hetiang hmang hian sulfur chu zinc acetate awmnaah zinc sulfide (ZnS) angin an precipitate a11,38. Chromophore dang atanga sulfide thliar hran nan hian zinc acetate precipitation hi hman lar ber a ni11. ZnS chu HCl11 hmangin acidic condition chak takah redissolve a ni. Sulfide hian DMPD nen stoichiometric ratio 1:2-in ferric chloride (Fe3+ hian oxidizing agent angin hna a thawk) hmanga catalyzed reaction-ah dye MB a siam a, chu chu spectrophotometrically-in 670 nm40,41-ah hmuhchhuah a ni. MB method hmanga detection limit chu 1 μM11 vel a ni.
He zirchiannaah hian sample tin (solution emaw serum emaw) 100 μL chu tube-ah dah a ni a; tichuan zinc acetate 200 μL (distilled water-ah 1% w/v), DMPD 100 μL (7.2 M HCl-ah 20 mM), leh FeCl3 133 μL (1.2 M HCl-ah 30 mM) te dah a ni. Chumi hnuah 37°C-ah thimah 30 min chhung an incubate a. Solution chu 10,000 g-ah min 10 chhung centrifuged a ni a, microplate reader (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA) hmangin 670 nm-ah supernatant absorbance chhiar a ni. Sulfide concentration chu ddH2O-a NaHS (0–100 μM) calibration curve hmangin an chhut a (Supplementary Fig. 2). Measurement atana hman tur solution zawng zawng chu siam thar vek a ni. Sulfide tehna atana intra- leh interassay coefficient of variation chu 2.8% leh 3.4% a ni. Sodium thiosulfate awmna tui in tur leh serum sample atanga sulfide hmuhchhuah zawng zawng chu fortified sample method hmangin kan chhut bawk Sodium thiosulfate awmna tui in tur leh serum sample atanga damchhuah zat chu 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) leh 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6) a ni.
Statistical analysis chu Windows tana GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com) hmangin an ti a. NaHS dah hma leh dah hnua tui in tur temperature leh pH tehkhin nan paired t-test hman a ni. NaHS-containing solution-a H2S hloh chu baseline uptake atanga percentage tlahniam anga chhut a ni a, hloh chu statistically significant a nih leh nih loh tehna atan one-way repeated-measures ANOVA kan nei a, chu chu Dunnett’s multiple comparison test kan hmang a ni. Control leh NaHS hmanga enkawl rats, mipa leh hmeichhia inkara taksa rih zawng, serum urea, serum creatinine leh total serum sulfide te chu hun kal zelah two-way mixed (between-within) ANOVA hmangin an khaikhin a, chu chu Bonferroni post hoc test hmangin an khaikhin a ni. Two-tailed P value < 0.05 chu statistically significant anga ngaih a ni.
Tui in tur pH chu NaHS dah hmain 7.60 ± 0.01 a ni a, NaHS dah hnuah 7.71 ± 0.03 a ni (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Tui in tur temperature chu 26.5 ± 0.2 a ni a, NaHS dah belh hnuah 26.2 ± 0.2 ah a tlahniam (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Tui in tur ah 30 μM NaHS solution siam la, tui bottle ah dah rawh. NaHS solution hi a nghet lo va, hun kal zelah a concentration a tlahniam thin. Tui bottle kawng atanga sample lak a nih chuan darkar khatna chhungin a tlahniam nasa hle (68.0%) a, darkar 12 leh 24 hnuah solution-a NaHS awm zat chu 72% leh 75% in a tlahniam bawk. Tui bottle atanga sample laknaah chuan darkar 2 thleng NaHS tlahniam hi a langsar lo hle a, mahse darkar 12 leh 24 hnuah chuan 47% leh 72% in a tlahniam tawh a ni. Heng data te hian tui in tur atana siam 30 μM solution-a NaHS percentage chu darkar 24 hnuah a tir lama a value hmun li a\anga hmun khat velin a tlahniam tih a tarlang a, sample lakna hmun pawh ngaihtuah lovin (Figure 1).
Rat/mouse bottle-a tui in tur NaHS solution (30 μM) stability. Solution siam zawh hnuah tui bottle tip leh chhung lam atanga sample lak a ni. Data chu mean ± SD (n = 6/group) anga tarlan a ni. * leh #, P < 0.05 chu hun 0 nen khaikhin chuan tui bottle thlalak ah hian a tip (with opening) leh bottle taksa a lang. Tip volume hi 740 μL vel a ni.
30 μM solution siam thara NaHS concentration chu 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (range: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12) a ni. Mahse, 24 h hnuah NaHS concentration chu a tlahniam a, a hniam zawk (mean: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Figure 2-a kan hmuh angin, zirchianna hun chhung hian rats-te’n NaHS an exposed concentration chu a awm reng lo.
Rat hmeichhia taksa rih zawng chu hun kal zelah nasa takin a pung a (control group-ah 205.2 ± 5.2 g aṭangin 213.8 ± 7.0 g-ah leh NaHS hmanga enkawl group-ah 204.0 ± 8.6 g aṭangin 211.8 ± 7.5 g-ah) mahse, NaHS hmanga enkawlna hian taksa rih zawngah nghawng a nei lo (Fig. 3). Mipa rat-te taksa rih zawng chu hun kal zelah nasa takin a pung a (control group-ah 338.6 ± 8.3 g aṭangin 352.4 ± 6.0 g-ah leh NaHS hmanga enkawl group-ah 352.4 ± 5.9 g aṭangin 363.2 ± 4.3 g-ah) mahse, NaHS hmanga enkawlna hian taksa rih zawngah nghawng a nei lo (Fig. 3).
NaHS (30 μM) pek hnua rat hmeichhia leh mipa taksa rih zawng inthlak danglamna. Data hi mean ± SEM anga tarlan a ni a, Bonferroni post hoc test hmanga two-way mixed (within-between) analysis of variance hmanga khaikhin a ni. Group tinah sex tin n = 5 an awm.
Serum urea leh creatine phosphate concentration hi control leh NaSH hmanga enkawl rat-ah te zirchianna neih chhung zawng khan tehkhin theih a ni. Tin, NaSH hmanga enkawlna hian serum urea leh creatinechrome concentration a nghawng lo (Table 1).
Baseline serum total sulfide concentration chu control leh NaHS hmanga enkawl mipa (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) leh hmeichhia (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM) rats te inkarah tehkhin theih a ni. Ni 14 chhung NaHS pek hian mipa emaw hmeichhia emaw rat-ah serum total sulfide level-ah nghawng a nei lo (Fig. 4).
NaHS (30 μM) pek hnua rat mipa leh hmeichhiaah serum total sulfide concentration inthlak danglamna. Data hi mean ± SEM anga tarlan a ni a, Bonferroni post hoc test hmanga two-way mixed (within-within) analysis of variance hmanga tehkhin a ni. Mipa leh hmeichhia, n = 5/group.
He zirchianna thutlukna ber chu NaHS awmna tui in tur hi a nghet lo tih hi a ni: a tir lama sulfide awm zawng zawng hmun li a\anga hmun khat vel chauh chu rat/mouse tui bottle tip leh a chhunga sample lak atanga darkar 24 hnuah hmuhchhuah theih a ni. Chubakah, NaHS solution-a H2S hloh avangin rat-te chu NaHS concentration nghet lo takah an awm a, tui in tur-a NaHS dah hian taksa rih zawng, serum urea leh creatine chromium, total serum sulfide emaw a nghawng lo.
He zirchiannaah hian tui in tur 30 μM NaHS solution siam atanga H2S hloh zat chu darkar khatah 3% vel a ni. Buffered solution (100 μM sodium sulfide in 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4) ah chuan 8 h11 chhungin hun kal zelah sulfide concentration chu 7% in a tlahniam tih an sawi. Tun hmain NaHS intraperitoneal administration hi kan lo dodal tawh a, tui in tur 54 μM NaHS solution atanga sulfide hloh rate chu darkar khatah 2.3% vel a ni (4%/hour ah 12 h hmasa berah 4%/hour leh 1.4%/hour ah 12 h hnuhnung berah) Zirchianna hmasa43 chuan NaHS solution atanga H2S a hloh reng tih hmuhchhuah a ni a, a chhan ber chu volatilization leh oxidation vang a ni. Bubble dah tel loh pawhin stock solution-a sulfide chu H2S volatilization vangin a bo chak hle a ni11. Zirna hrang hrangah chuan second 30–60 vel chhunga dilution process chhung hian H2S 5–10% vel chu evaporation vangin a bo thin6. Solution atanga H2S a vawt loh nan zirchiangtute chuan hmalakna hrang hrang an nei a, chung zingah chuan solution12 chu zawi zawia hrual te, stock solution chu plastic film6 hmanga khuh te, leh solution chu boruak atanga a tlak tlem theih nan te, H2S evaporation rate hi air-liquid interface-ah a innghat a ni.13 H2S spontaneous oxidation hi transition metal ion, a bik takin ferric vang a ni ber iron, tuiah bawlhhlawh a ni.13 H2S oxidation hian polysulfides (sulfur atoms covalent bonds hmanga inzawm) a siam chhuak thin11. A oxidation awm loh nan H2S awmna solution chu deoxygenated solvents44,45-ah siam a ni a, chutah chuan argon emaw nitrogen emaw hmangin 20–30 min chhung purge a ni a, deoxygenation a awm theih nan.11,12,37,44,45,46 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) hi metal chelator (10–4 M) a ni a, HS-auoxidation in aerobic solution hmanga siam a ni. DTPA awm lohnaah chuan HS- autoxidation rate chu 25°C-ah 3 h vel chhungin 50% vel a ni37,47. Chubakah, 1e-sulfide oxidation hi ultraviolet light hmanga tihchak a nih avangin solution chu ice-ah dahin light lakah venhim tur a ni11.
Figure 5-a kan hmuh angin NaHS hi tuiah a inthiar chuan Na+ leh HS-6-ah a inthen darh a; he dissociation hi reaction pK1 hmanga teh a ni a, chu chu temperature dependent a ni: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, chutah chuan T chu 5 atanga 30°C inkar a ni a, degree Kelvin (K)-a teh a ni a, K = °C + 273.1548. HS- hian pK2 sang tak (pK2 = 19) a nei a, chuvangin pH < 96.49-ah chuan S2- hi a lo piang lo emaw, a tlem hle emaw a ni. Chumi danglamna chu HS- hian base angin hna a thawk a, H2O molecule atanga H+ a pawm a, H2O hian acid angin hna a thawk a, H2S leh OH- ah a inthlak bawk.
NaHS solution (30 μM)-a H2S gas hmin tawh siam chhuah. aq, tui hmanga siam chhuah; g, gas, gas tih te; l, tui (liquid) a ni. Chhiar zawng zawngah chuan tui pH = 7.0 leh tui lumna = 20 °C a ni tih a ni. BioRender.com hmanga siam a ni.
NaHS solutions hi a nghet lo tih finfiahna awm mahse, rannung zirchianna engemaw zatah chuan tui in turah NaHS solutions chu H2S donor compound15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 atan an hmang a, intervention hun chhung hi kar 1 atanga kar 21 inkar a ni (Table 2). Heng zirchiannaah hian NaHS solution hi 12 h, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 h emaw 24 h, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 h danah tihthar leh thin a ni. Kan result-ah chuan NaHS solution atanga H2S hloh avangin rat-te chu damdawi concentration nghet lo takah an awm tih kan hmu a, rats-te tui in tur a NaHS awm zat chu 12 emaw 24 h chhungin nasa takin a inthlak danglam a ni (Figure 2 en la). Heng zirchianna pahnih hian tuiah H2S level chu h22 chhungin a nghet reng emaw, h15 chhungin H2S hloh 2–3% chauh hmuh a nih thu emaw an sawi a, mahse supporting data emaw measurement details emaw an pe lo. Zirna pahnih chuan tui bottle diameter te tak te hian H2S evaporation a ti tlem thei tih hmuhchhuah a ni15,19. Mahse, kan result-ah chuan hei hian tui bottle atanga H2S hloh chu 12–24 h aiin 2 h chauh a tikhawtlai thei tih a tarlang. Zirna pahnihte hian tui in tur a NaHS level chu a danglam lo niin kan ngai a, a chhan chu tuiah hian a rawng inthlak danglam kan hmuh loh vang a ni tih kan hmu a; chuvangin boruak hmanga H2S oxidation chu a langsar lo hle19,20. Mak tak maiin, he subjective method hian hun kal zelah a concentration inthlak danglamna teh ai chuan tuiah NaHS stability a teh a ni.
NaHS solution-a H2S hloh hi pH leh temperature nen a inzawm a ni. Kan zirchiannaa kan hmuh tawh angin NaHS tuiah a hmin chuan alkaline solution a lo awm thin50. NaHS tuiah a hmin chuan H2S gas hmin a lo awm dan chu pH value6-ah a innghat a ni. Solution pH a hniam chuan H2S gas molecule anga NaHS awm zat a tam zawk a, tui solution atang hian sulfide a bo tam zawk bawk11. Heng zirchianna zawng zawngah hian NaHS solvent atana hman tui in tur pH hi a report lo. WHO rawtna, ram tam zawkin an pawm dan chuan tui in tur pH chu 6.5–8.551 inkar a ni tur a ni. He pH range-ah hian H2S spontaneous oxidation rate hi a let sawm velin a pung a ni13. Hetiang pH range-a tuiah NaHS hi a hmin chuan dissolved H2S gas concentration 1 atanga 22.5 μM a awm ang a, hei hian NaHS hi a hmin hmaa tui pH enfiah a pawimawhzia a tilang chiang hle. Chu bakah, a chunga zirchiannaa kan report temperature range (18–26 °C) hian solution-a dissolved H2S gas concentration 10% vel a thlak danglam dawn a, a chhan chu temperature inthlak danglamna hian pK1 a tidanglam a, pK1 inthlak danglamna tenau te hian dissolved H2S gas concentration-ah nghawng lian tak a nei thei a ni Chu bakah, zirchianna thenkhat (thla 5)22 hun rei tak, chutih chhung chuan temperature variability lian tak beisei a nih pawhin he harsatna hi a tizual hle bawk.
One21 tih loh zirchianna zawng zawngah hian tui in tur 30 μM NaHS solution hman a ni. Dose hman (chu chu 30 μM) sawifiah nan ziaktu thenkhat chuan aqueous phase-a NaHS hian H2S gas concentration inang chiah chiah a siam tih an tarlang a, H2S physiological range chu 10 atanga 100 μM a nih avangin he dose hi physiological range chhungah a awm tih an tarlang bawk15, Midangte chuan 30 μM NaHS hian plasma H2S level chu physiological range chhungah a vawng reng thei tih an sawifiah a, chu chu 5–300 μM19,20 a ni. Tuiah NaHS concentration 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C) kan ngaihtuah a, hei hi zirchianna thenkhatah chuan H2S nghawng zir chianna atan hman a ni. Kan chhut thei a, dissolved H2S gas concentration chu 14.7 μM a ni a, hei hi a tir lama NaHS concentration atanga 50% vel a ni. He value hi ziaktu dangte’n condition inang hnuaia an chhut value nen a inang a ni13,48.
Kan zirchiannaah hian NaHS pek hian taksa rih zawng a tidanglam lo a; he result hi mipa mice22,23 leh mipa rats18-a zirchianna dang result nen a inmil a; Mahse, zirchianna pahnih chuan NaSH hian nephrectomized rats-te taksa rihna tlahniam chu a siam ṭha leh tih an sawi24,26 a, zirchianna dang erawh chuan NaSH pek hian taksa rihna a nghawng dan an report lo thung15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Chubakah, kan zirchiannaah hian NaSH pek hian serum urea leh creatine chromium level a nghawng lo a, hei hi report dang result nen a inmil hle
He zirchianna hian tui in tur kar 2 chhung NaHS dah hian rat mipa leh hmeichhiaah total serum sulfide concentration a nghawng lo tih hmuhchhuah a ni. He thil hmuhchhuah hi Sen et al. (16): Tui in tur 30 μM NaHS hmanga kar 8 chhung enkawl chuan control rats-ah plasma sulfide level a nghawng lo; mahse, he intervention hian nephrectomized mice plasma-a H2S level tlahniam chu a siam ṭha leh niin an sawi. Li leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (22) te pawhin tui in tur 30 μM NaHS hmanga thla 5 chhung enkawl chuan kum upa tawh mice-ah plasma free sulfide level 26% velin a tisang tih an sawi bawk. Zirna dangte chuan tui in tur-a NaHS dah hnuah circulating sulfide-ah inthlak danglamna a awm lo.
Zirna pasarih chuan Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 an hmang tih an sawi a, mahse hydration tui chungchangah hian chipchiar zawkin an sawi lo a, zirchianna pangaah chuan an buatsaih danah NaHS hmanna hmun an sawi lo17,18,24,25,26. NaHS hi hydrated molecule a ni a, a tui hydration awm zat a inang lo thei a, hei hian molarity pek chhuah solution siamna atana NaHS mamawh zat a nghawng a ni. Entirnan, kan zirchiannaah hian NaHS awm zat chu NaHS•1.3 H2O a ni. Chutiang chuan heng zirchiannaa NaHS concentration tak tak hi report aiin a hniam zawk thei a ni.
“Engtin nge hetiang compound dam rei lo hian hetiang khawpa nghawng rei tak a neih theih?” Pozgay et al.21 chuan NaHS hian mice-a colitis a nghawng dan an zirchian khan he zawhna hi an zawt a. Nakin lawka zirchianna chuan he zawhna hi a chhan theih an beisei a, NaHS solution-ah hian H2S bakah NaHS21 effect mediate tu disulfide bakah polysulfide stable zawk a awm thei tih an sawi bawk. Thil awm thei dang chu solution-a NaHS concentration hniam tak tak awm hian hlawkna a nei thei bawk. Dik tak chuan Olson leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. thisena H2S micromolar level chu physiological a nih loh thu leh nanomolar range-a awm tur emaw, a awm lo vek tur emaw tih finfiahna a pe a ni13. H2S hian protein sulfation hmangin hna a thawk thei a, hei hi reversible post-translational modification a ni a, protein tam tak hnathawh, stability leh localization a nghawng thei a ni52,53,54. Dik tak chuan, taksa dinhmun hnuaiah chuan liver protein tam tak zinga 10% atanga 25% vel chu sulfylated an ni53. Zirna pahnihte hian NaHS19,23 tihchhiat chak tak chu an pawm a, mahse mak tak maiin “tui in tur a NaHS awm zat chu nitin thlakin kan control a ni” tiin an sawi.23 Zirna pakhat chuan accident-in “NaHS hi standard H2S donor a ni a, clinical practice-ah H2S ngei thlak nan hman tlanglawn a ni” tiin a sawi
A chunga kan sawi tawh ang khan NaHS hi solution atanga volatilization, oxidation leh photolysis hmangin a bo tih kan hmu a, chuvangin solution atanga H2S hloh tihtlem nan rawtna thenkhat siam a ni. Pakhatnaah chuan H2S evaporation chu gas-liquid interface13 leh solution pH11-ah a innghat a; chuvangin, evaporative loss tihtlem nan tui bottle kawr chu a hmaa kan sawi tawh ang khan a te thei ang bera siam theih a ni15,19, tui pH chu evaporative loss tihtlem nan pawm theih upper limit (ie, 6.5–8.551)-ah siamrem theih a ni Pahnihnaah chuan, H2S spontaneous oxidation hi oxygen-in nghawng a neih vang leh tui in tur a transition metal ion awm vang a ni13 a, chuvangin tui in tur chu argon emaw nitrogen emaw hmanga deoxygenation44,45 leh metal chelators37,47 hman hian sulfides oxidation a ti tlem thei a ni. Pathumnaah chuan H2S photodecomposition ven nan tui bottle chu aluminium foil hmanga khuh theih a ni a; Hetiang tih dan hi light-sensitive materials streptozotocin55 te tan pawh a hman theih. A tawp berah chuan inorganic sulfide salt (NaHS, Na2S, leh CaS) te hi a hmaa report tawh angin tui in tur a hmin ai chuan gavage hmangin pek theih a ni56,57,58; zirchianna hrang hrangah chuan radioactive sodium sulfide gavage hmanga rats hnena pek chu a hip tha hle a, tissue zawng zawngah a sem darh vek tih hmuhchhuah a ni Tun thleng hian zirchianna tam zawkah chuan inorganic sulfide salt chu intraperitoneally-in an pe a; mahse, he kawng hi clinical setting-ah chuan hman a ni tlem hle60. A lehlamah chuan mihringah chuan oral route hi pek dan tlangpui leh duh ber a ni61. Chuvangin, H2S donor-te hian rodent-a an nghawng dan chu oral gavage hmanga zirchian kan rawt a ni.
A tihkhawtlai pakhat chu MB method hmangin aqueous solution leh serum-a sulfide kan teh a ni. Sulfide tehna hmanruaah hian iodine titration, spectrophotometry, electrochemical method (potentiometry, amperometry, coulometric method leh amperometric method) leh chromatography (gas chromatography leh high-performance liquid chromatography) te a tel a, chung zingah chuan hman tlanglawn ber chu MB spectrophotometric method a ni Biological sample-a H2S tehna atana MB method-a tihkhawtlai pakhat chu sulfur-containing compound zawng zawng a teh a, free H2S63 a teh lo a, a chhan chu acidic condition-a tih a nih vang a ni a, chu chuan biological source atanga sulfur lakchhuahna a thlen a ni Mahse, American Public Health Association sawi dan chuan MB hi tuiah sulfide tehna atana hmanraw hman tlanglawn ber a ni65. Chuvangin, he limitation hian NaHS awmna solutions instability chungchanga kan result bulpui ber chu a nghawng lo. Chubakah, kan zirchiannaah hian NaHS awmna tui leh serum sample-a sulfide tehna recovery chu 91% leh 93% a ni. Heng value te hi a hmaa report tawh range (77–92)66 nen a inmil a, hei hian acceptable analytical precision a tilang a ni42. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu National Institutes of Health (NIH) kaihhruaina angin rat mipa leh hmeichhia kan hmang a, chu chu preclinical study-a mipa chauh zirchiannaah innghah lutuk loh nan67 leh a theih phawt chuan rat mipa leh hmeichhia te pawh telh a ni He thu hi midangte pawhin an sawi uar hle a ni69,70,71.
Thutawp atan chuan he zirchianna result hian tui in atanga siam NaHS solution te hi an instability avangin H2S siam nan hman theih a ni lo tih a tarlang. Hetianga pek dan hian rannungte chu NaHS level nghet lo leh beisei aia hniam zawkah a hruai lut ang; chuvangin, thil hmuhchhuahte hi mihringah pawh hman theih a ni lo mai thei.
Tuna zirchianna kalpui mek chhunga dataset hman leh/ emaw, zirchian tawhte chu a remchan dan anga dilna a awm chuan a ziaktu kaihhnawih hnen atangin hmuh theih a ni.
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