He thuziak hi zirchianna thupui “Antimicrobial hman dan, antimicrobial laka invenna leh ei tur rannung microbiome” tih a ni. Article 13 awm zawng zawng en rawh
Organic acid hi ran chaw atana additive atan an mamawh chhunzawm zel a ni. Tun thleng hian ei leh in himna lam ngaih pawimawh a ni a, a bik takin vawk leh ran dangtea ei leh in atanga natna hrik awm zat tihtlem a ni. Tunah hian organic acid engemawzat zirchian mek emaw, sumdawnna atana hman mek emaw a ni. Organic acid tam tak zirchian tawh zingah hian formic acid hi pakhat a ni. Formic acid hi poultry diet-ah dah a ni a, hei hian Salmonella leh ei leh in atanga natna hrik dangte chu chaw eiah leh ei hnua chaw kawng chhungah a awm loh nan a tikhawtlai a ni. Formic acid hian host leh ei leh in atanga natna hrik a nghawng dan hriatthiamna a lo pung zel a, formic acid awmna hian Salmonella ah hian kawng bik a siam thei tih a chiang chho zel a ni. He chhanna hi formic acid chu gastrointestinal tract-ah a lut a, Salmonella gastrointestinal tract-a colonize tawhte nen chauh ni lovin, gut-a microbial flora-te nen pawh a inzawm chuan a buaithlak zual thei a ni. He review hian tuna result awm mek leh formic acid hmanga enkawl vawk leh ran vulh te microbiome chungchanga zirchianna dang neih belh theihna tur ruahmanna te a zirchiang dawn a ni.
Ran vulh leh vawk vulhna kawngah pawh harsatna chu ei leh in himna atana hlauhawmna tihtlem rualin, thanlenna leh rah chhuah thatna tur management strategy siam a ni. Tunhma atang tawh khan antibiotics subtherapeutic concentration-a pek hian ran hriselna, hamthatna leh productivity a ti tha hle a ni (1–3). Mechanism of action thlirna atang chuan subinhibitory concentration-a antibiotics pek hian gastrointestinal (GI) flora leh, a lehlamah host nena an inzawmnate modulate-in host response mediate a ni tih ngaihdan a awm (3). Mahse, antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens darh theih dan tur leh mihringah antibiotic-resistant infection nena an inzawmna awm thei chungchanga ngaihtuahna awm reng chuan ei tur rannung-a antibiotic hman chu zawi zawiin a chawlhsan ta a ni (4–8). Chuvangin, heng thil mamawh thenkhat tal (ran hriselna, hamthatna, leh productivity tihchangtlun) phuhruk thei feed additives leh improvers siam hi zirna lama zirchianna leh sumdawnna lama hmasawnna lam atang pawhin ngaihven a hlawh hle (5, 9). Ran chaw market-ah hian sumdawnna atana hman tur feed additive hrang hrang a lut a, chung zingah chuan probiotics, prebiotics, essential oil leh a kaihhnawih compound chi hrang hrang atanga lo chhuak te, aldehydes ang chi chemical te pawh a tel a ni (10–14). Commercial feed additives dang, vawk vulh atana hman tlanglawn tak takte chu bacteriophages, zinc oxide, exogenous enzymes, competitive exclusion products, leh acidic compounds te an ni (15, 16).
Chemical feed additive awm tawh zingah hian aldehyde leh organic acid te hi tunhma atang tawhin compound zirchian leh hman tam ber an ni (12, 17–21). Organic acids, a bik takin short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) te hi natna thlentu bacteria dotu hriat lar tak an ni. Heng organic acids te hi feed additives atan hman a ni a, feed matrix-a natna hrik awm zat tihtlem nan chauh ni lovin gastrointestinal function-ah active effects nei turin an hmang bawk (17, 20–24). Chu bakah, SCFAs hi digestive tract-a intestinal flora-in fermentation hmanga siam a ni a, probiotics leh prebiotics thenkhatin gastrointestinal tract-a natna hrik an ei te do theihnaah mechanistic role an nei nia ngaih a ni (21, 23, 25).
Kum tam tak chhung chu short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) hrang hrangte hian feed additive angin ngaihven a hlawh hle. A bik takin propionate, butyrate leh formate te hi zirchianna leh sumdawnna atana hmanna tam tak an nei tawh a (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Zirna hmasa berah chuan ran leh vawk chawa ei tur atanga natna hrik awmte control dan tur ngaihtuah a nih laiin, tun hnaia zirchianna tam zawkah chuan ran hnathawh leh chaw kawng hriselna tihchangtlunna zawng zawngah an ngaihtuahna an sawn a ni (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, leh butyrate te hian organic acid feed additives angin ngaihven a hlawh hle a, chung zingah chuan formic acid pawh hi candidate beisei awm tak a ni (21, 23). Formic acid hian ei leh in himna lam ngaihven a hlawh hle a, a bik takin ran chawa ei leh in atanga natna hrik awm zat tihtlem dan tur ngaihtuah a ni. Mahse, hman theih dan dang pawh ngaihtuah mek a ni. He review-a thil tum tlangpui chu formic acid hi ran chaw siam\hatna atana a chanchin leh a dinhmun zirchian a ni (Figure 1). He zirchiannaah hian formic acid antibacterial mechanism kan zirchiang dawn a ni. Hei bakah hian ran vulh leh vawk vulh chunga a nghawng dan te ngun zawkin kan thlir ang a, a hlawhtlinna tihchangtlun dan tur awm thei te kan sawiho bawk ang.
Fig. 1. He review-a thupui kan sawite mind map. A bik takin, a hnuaia thil tum tlangpuite hi ngaihtuah a ni: ran chaw siam\hatna atana formic acid chanchin leh tuna a dinhmun sawifiah te, formic acid-in antimicrobial mechanism a neih dan leh a hmannain ran leh vawk hriselna a nghawng dan te, a thatna tihchangtlunna tur kawng awm thei te sawifiah a ni.
Ran leh vawk chaw siamna hi hnathawh buaithlak tak a ni a, step hrang hrang a awm a, chung zingah chuan buhfai taksa lama siam (eg, particle size tihtlem nan milling), pelleting atana thermal processing, leh rannung ei tur mamawh bik a zirin ei tur atana nutrient tam tak dah te pawh a tel (27). Hetiang thil buaithlak tak hi ngaihtuah chuan, feed processing hian buhfai chu feed mill a thlen hmain, milling laiin, a hnua compound feed ration-a phurh leh pek a nih laiin environmental factor hrang hrangah a hmachhawn hi thil mak a ni lo (9, 21, 28). Chutiang chuan kum tam tak chhung chu ran chawah hian microorganism pawl hrang hrang tak tak hmuhchhuah a ni a, chung zingah chuan bacteria chauh ni lovin bacteriophages, fungi leh yeast te pawh an tel a ni (9, 21, 28–31). Heng bawlhhlawh thenkhat, fungi thenkhat te hian mycotoxins a siam thei a, chu chuan rannung hriselna a tichhe thei a ni (32–35).
Bacterial population hi a inang lo thei hle a, eng emaw chen chu microorganisms isolation leh identification atana hman dan hrang hrang bakah sample source-ah a innghat a ni. Entirnan, pelleting nena inzawm heat treatment hmain microbial composition profile a danglam thei (36). Classical culture leh plate plating method hmangin information engemaw zat pe mah se, tun hnaia 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) method hman a nih avangin forage microbiome community chungchang hi a kimchang zawkin a zirchiang thei a ni (9). Solanki leh a thawhpuiten an tih lai khan. (37) te chuan buhfai chi hrang hrang, insect control fumigant phosphine awmna hmuna hun engemaw chen dahkhawmte bacterial microbiome an enfiah a, an lakkhawm hnuah leh thla 3 chhung an dah hnuah microbiome hi a chi hrang hrang zawk tih an hmuchhuak. Chubakah, Solanki leh a thawhpuiten an sawi bawk. (37) (37) te chuan buhfai chi hrang hrangah Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, leh Planctomyces te chu phyla lian ber an nih thu an tarlang a, Bacillus, Erwinia leh Pseudomonas te chu chi lian ber an ni a, Enterobacteriaceae te chu a tlem ber an ni tih an hmuchhuak bawk. Taxonomic comparisons atanga an hmuh dan chuan phosphine fumigation hian bacteria population nasa takin a tidanglam a, mahse fungal diversity erawh a nghawng lo tih an sawi.
Solanki leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (37) te chuan ei leh in atanga lo chhuak natna hrik te pawh microbiome-a Enterobacteriaceae hmuhchhuah a nih dan atanga mipui hriselna lama harsatna thlen thei a awm thei tih an hmuchhuak. Chaw atanga natna hrik, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, leh Listeria monocytogenes te hi ran chaw leh silage nen an inzawm tih hmuhchhuah a ni (9, 31, 38). Ran leh vawk chawa ei tur atanga natna hrik dangte awm reng dan hi tun dinhmunah hriat a la ni lo. Ge leh a thawhpuiten. (39) te chuan ran chaw atana hman tur thil chi hrang hrang 200 chuang an screen a, Salmonella, E. coli, leh Enterococci te an isolated a, mahse E. coli O157:H7 emaw Campylobacter emaw an hmuchhuak lo. Mahse, dry feed ang chi matrices te hi pathogenic E. coli source atan a tangkai thei a ni. Kum 2016-a mihring natna nena inzawm Shiga toxin siamtu Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroup O121 leh O26 hri leng lo chhuahna hmun zawn chhuahnaah Crowe et al. (40) te chuan clinical isolates leh ei tur atanga isolates hmuh te khaikhin nan whole-genome sequencing an hmang a. He tehkhin thu a\ang hian a chhuahna tur awm thei chu flour mill atanga lo chhuak raw wheat flour low-moisture a ni tih an thutlukna siam a ni. Wheat flour-a tui awm tlem avangin STEC hi ran chaw tui tlem takah pawh a nung thei tih a tilang. Mahse, Crowe leh a thawhpuiten an tih angin. (40) note, flour sample atanga STEC isolation hi thil harsa tak a ni a, bacteria cells tling tawk lakchhuah nan immunomagnetic separation method a ngai a ni. Diagnostic process ang chiah hian ran chawa ei tur atanga natna hrik hmuh tur awm lo hmuhchhuah leh isolation pawh a ti buai thei bawk. Hmuh harsat chhan pawh hi heng natna hrik te hi low-moisture matrices-a rei tak an awm vang a ni thei bawk. Forghani leh a thawhpuiten an ziak a. (41) te chuan wheat flour room temperature-a dahkhawm leh enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, leh O145 leh Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, leh S. Anatum) inzawmkhawma inoculated chu ni 84 leh 112-ah quantifiable a ni tih an hmuchhuak a, ni 112-ah pawh hmuh theih a la ni 24 leh kar 52 chhung a ni.
Tunhma atang tawh khan Campylobacter hi ran leh vawk chaw atanga traditional culture method hmanga lakchhuah a ni ngai lo (38, 39), mahse Campylobacter hi vawk leh vawk atanga siam chaw kawng atanga awlsam taka lakchhuah theih a ni (42, 43). Mahse, ran chaw hian a chhuahna tur angin a thatna a la nei tho. Entirnan, Alves leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (44) te chuan vawk chaw thau tawh chu C. jejuni hmanga inoculation leh a hnua a chaw chu temperature hrang hrang pahnih-a ni 3 emaw ni 5 emaw chhung dah a nih chuan C. jejuni nung thei chu a lo chhuak leh a, a then phei chuan an pung nasa hle tih an hmuchhuak bawk. An thutluknaah chuan C. jejuni hi vawk chawah a dam thei tak zet a, chuvangin vawk tan pawh natna kai theihna a ni thei tih an sawi.
Ran leh vawk chawa salmonella bawlhhlawh hi tun hmain ngaihven a hlawh hle a, ran chaw atana hman tur bik detection method siam leh control dan tha zawk zawng tura hmalakna kalpui mek zingah pawh a pawimawh ber a ni (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Kum tam tak chhung chu zirchianna tam tak chuan ran chaw siamna hmun hrang hrang leh ran chaw siamna hmun hrang hranga Salmonella isolation leh characterization an zirchiang tawh a (38, 39, 54–61). A pum puiin, heng zirchiannate hian Salmonella hi ran chaw chi hrang hrang, ran chaw lakna hmun, ran chaw chi hrang hrang, leh ran chaw siamna hnathawh hrang hrang atanga lak chhuah theih a nih thu a tarlang. Prevalence rates leh predominant Salmonella serotypes isolated te pawh a inang lo hle bawk. Entirnan, Li et al. (57) te chuan Salmonella spp. Kum 2002 atanga 2009 chhunga data lakkhawm chhung khan ran chaw kimchang, ran chaw atana hman tur thil, ran chaw, ran chaw, leh ran chaw pekna atanga sample 2058 lakkhawm zinga 12.5%-ah hmuhchhuah a ni. Tin, Salmonella sample 12.5% ​​positive hmuhchhuah zingah serotype hmuhchhuah tam ber chu S. Senftenberg leh S. Montevideo (57) te an ni. Texas-a ei tur buatsaih leh ran chaw by-product chungchanga zirchiannaah Hsieh et al. (58) te chuan Salmonella vei tam ber chu fishmeal-ah a ni tih an sawi a, ran protein-ah a dawt a, S. Mbanka leh S. Montevideo te chu serotype awm tam ber an ni. Feed mill-te hian thil chi hrang hrang an inhmeh tir leh an dah belh hian feed contamination awm thei point engemaw zat an nei bawk (9, 56, 61). Magossi leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (61) te chuan United States-a ran chaw siam chhuah laiin contamination point tam tak a awm thei tih an lantir thei a ni. Dik tak chuan Magossi leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (61) te chuan United States-a state 8-a feed mill 11 (sampling locations total 12)-ah Salmonella culture positive pakhat tal an hmuchhuak a ni. Chaw ei lai, phurh chhuah leh nitin chaw pek lai hian Salmonella bawlhhlawh a awm theih dan ngaihtuah chuan, ran siam chhuah chhung zawnga microbial contamination hniam tak tihtlem leh vawng reng thei tur feed additives siam chhuah tumin nasa takin hmalak a ni hi thil mak a ni lo.
Salmonella hian formic acid a specific response mechanism hi hriat tur a tlem hle. Mahse, Huang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (62) te chuan rannung (mammal) te small intestine-ah formic acid a awm tih an tarlang a, Salmonella spp. formic acid siam chhuak thei an ni. Huang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (62) te chuan Salmonella virulence genes expression hmuhchhuah nan key pathways deletion mutants series an hmang a, formate hian Salmonella chu Hep-2 epithelial cells invade turin diffusible signal angin hna a thawk thei tih an hmuchhuak. Tun hnaiah Liu et al. (63) te chuan Salmonella typhimurium atang hian formate transporter, FocA an isolated a, chu chu pH 7.0-ah formate channel bik angin a thawk a, mahse external pH sang takah passive export channel angin emaw, pH hniam takah secondary active formate/hydrogen ion import channel angin emaw a thawk thei bawk. Mahse, he zirchianna hi S. Typhimurium serotype pakhat chauh hmanga tih a ni. Zawhna awm thei chu serotype zawng zawng hian formic acid hi mechanism inang hmangin an chhang em tih hi a ni. Hei hi zirchianna zawhna pawimawh tak a la ni reng a, nakin lawka zirchiannaah pawh ngaihtuah tur a ni. Results eng pawh ni se, feed-a Salmonella level tihhniamna tur acid supplement hman dan tur general recommendation siamnaah screening experiment-ah Salmonella serotype tam tak emaw, serotype tinte strain tam tak emaw pawh hman hi a finthlak reng a ni. Thil thar zawk, serotype khata subgroup hrang hrang thliar hran nâna strain encode-na atana genetic barcoding hman ang chi (9, 64) te hian thutlukna siam leh danglamna hrilhfiahnaah nghawng nei thei danglamna fin zawkte hriat theihna hun remchang a pe a ni.
Formate chemical nature leh dissociation form pawh a pawimawh thei bawk. Zirna hrang hrangah Beyer et al. (65–67) te chuan Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, leh Campylobacter coli tihkhawtlai hi dissociated formic acid awm zat nen a inzawm tih an hmuchhuak a, pH emaw undissociated formic acid emaw atanga innghat lo a ni. Bacteria te hian an inhriat tawnna formate chemical form pawh hi a pawimawh hle niin a lang. Kovanda leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (68) te chuan Gram-negative leh Gram-positive organism engemawzat an screen a, sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) leh sodium formate leh free formate inzawmkhawm (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L) te minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) te an khaikhin a. MIC value atanga an hmuh dan chuan sodium formate hian Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, leh Streptococcus pneumoniae te chauh a titawp a, mahse Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis te chu a titawp lo. Chumi danglamna chu sodium formate leh free sodium formate inzawmkhawm hian thil nung zawng zawng a titawp thei a, hei vang hian ziaktute chuan free formic acid hian antimicrobial property tam zawk a nei tih an sawi chhuak ta a ni. MIC value hrang hrangte hi mixed formula-a formic acid awm zat leh 100% formic acid chhanna nen a inzawm em tih hriat nan heng chemical form pahnih ratio hrang hrangte hi enfiah a ngaihnawm hle ang.
Gomez-Garcia leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (69) te chuan essential oil leh organic acid (formic acid ang chi) te chu vawk atanga Escherichia coli, Salmonella, leh Clostridium perfringens isolates tam tak lakkhawmah an test a. Organic acid paruk, formic acid telin, leh essential oil paruk te chu vawk isolates lakah an thawh that dan an test a, formaldehyde chu positive control atan an hmang a ni. Gomez-García leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (69) te chuan Escherichia coli (600 leh 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 leh 2400 ppm, 4), leh Clostridium perfringens (1200 leh 2400 ppm, 2) te lakah formic acid MIC50, MBC50, leh MIC50/MBC50 te chu an teh a, chung zingah chuan formic acid chu organic acid zawng zawng aiin a hlawk zawk tih hmuhchhuah a ni E. coli leh Salmonella te a awm bawk. (69) Formic acid hian a molecular size te leh chain sei tak a neih avangin Escherichia coli leh Salmonella lakah a thawk tha hle (70).
Beyer leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. vawk (66) atanga Campylobacter jejuni chi lakchhuah (67) leh vawk (67) atanga lak chhuah Campylobacter jejuni chi (67) te an screen a, formic acid chu organic acid dangte MIC response tehna nena inmil concentration-ah a inthen tih an hmuchhuak. Mahse, heng acid te hi an relative potencies, formic acid te pawh hi zawhna a awm a, a chhan chu Campylobacter hian heng acid te hi substrate atan a hmang thei a ni (66, 67). C. jejuni hian acid hman dan hi mak a ti lo a, a chhan chu nonglycolytic metabolism a nei tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Chutiang chuan C. jejuni hian carbohydrate catabolism theihna a nei tlem hle a, a energy metabolism leh biosynthetic activity tam zawkah chuan amino acid leh organic acid atanga gluconeogenesis a innghat a ni (71, 72). Line leh a thawhpuiten zirchianna hmasa ber an neihah chuan. (73) te chuan carbon source 190 awmna phenotypic array an hmang a, C. jejuni 11168(GS) hian organic acid te chu carbon source atan a hmang thei tih an hmuchhuak a, a tam zawk chu tricarboxylic acid cycle inkar a ni. Wagli leh a thawhpuiten zirchianna dang an neih belh leh chuan. (74) te chuan phenotypic carbon utilization array hmangin an zirchiannaa C. jejuni leh E. coli chi hrang hrang an enfiah te chu carbon source angin organic acid-ah an thang lian thei tih an hmuchhuak a. Formate hi C. jejuni thawkna chakna metabolism atana electron donor lian ber a ni a, chuvangin C. jejuni tana energy source lian ber a ni (71, 75). C. jejuni hian formate hi hydrogen donor atan membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex hmangin a hmang thei a, chu chuan formate chu carbon dioxide, proton leh electron-ah a oxidize a, thawkna atana electron donor hna a thawk bawk (72).
Formic acid hi antimicrobial feed improver atan hman a ni tawh a, mahse insect thenkhat chuan antimicrobial defense chemical atana hman tur formic acid an siam thei bawk. Rossini leh a thawhpuiten an ziak a ni. (76) te chuan kum 350 dawn kalta a Ray (77)-a sawi tawh angin formic acid hi rulhut acidic sap-a awm a ni thei tih an sawi. Chumi hnuah chuan rulhut leh rulhut dangte formic acid siam dan kan hriatthiamna chu nasa takin a pung a, tunah chuan he thil hi rulhut-a toxin defense system buaithlak takah a tel tih hriat a ni ta (78). Insect chi hrang hrang, stingless bees, pointed ants (Hymenoptera: Apidae), ground beetles (Galerita lecontei leh G. janus), stingless ants (Formicinae), leh moth larva thenkhat (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga) te hian formic acid hi defensive chemical angin an siam chhuak tih hriat a ni (76, 78–82).
Ants hi acidocytes an neih vang a ni mai thei, chu chuan formic acid atanga siam ber venom an spray theihna tur specialized opening an nei a ni (82). Ant te hian serine hi precursor atan an hmang a, an venom glands ah formate tam tak an dahkhawm a, chu chu host ants te chu formate spray a nih hma loh chuan cytotoxicity atanga venhimna tur insulated tawk a ni (78, 83). An siam chhuah formic acid chu (1) rulhut dangte hip nân alarm pheromone angin a thawk thei a; (2) inelna leh sa ei thinte laka invenna chemical ni tur; leh (3) nest material-a tel ve resin nena an inzawm chuan antifungal leh antibacterial agent angin an thawk (78, 82, 84–88). Ant siam formic acid hian antimicrobial property a nei a, hei hian topical additive atan hman theih a nih thu a tarlang. Hei hi Bruch et al. (88), anni hian resin-ah hian synthetic formic acid an dah a, antifungal activity nasa takin a tichangtlung a ni. Formic acid thatna leh a biological utility finfiahna dang chu, anteater lian tak tak, stomach acid siam thei lo te hian formic acid awmna ant te hian digestive acid dang angin concentrated formic acid an pe chhuak thin tih hi a ni (89).
Agriculture-a formic acid hman tangkai dan tur hi kum tam tak chhung ngaihtuah leh zirchian a ni tawh a. A bik takin formic acid hi ran chaw leh silage-a additive atan hman theih a ni. Sodium formate solid leh liquid form-ah pawh ran chi hrang hrang, ei leh in leh boruak zawng zawng tan a him nia ngaih a ni (90). An tehna (90) atanga an hmuh dan chuan ran chi zawng zawng tan formic acid equivalents/kg kg 10,000 mg chu a him ber nia ngaih a ni a, vawk tan chuan a tam ber 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg feed chu a him nia ngaih a ni thung. Ran chaw siam thatna atana formic acid hman dan hi kum tam tak chhung zirchian a ni tawh a. Silage preservative leh ran leh vawk chawa antimicrobial agent a nih avangin sumdawnna atana hlutna nei nia ngaih a ni.
Chemical additives acids te hi silage siam leh feed management-ah hian thil pawimawh tak a ni fo thin (91, 92). Borreani leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (91) te chuan silage quality sang tak siam chhuah tha ber tur chuan dry matter tam thei ang ber vawn reng chungin forage quality vawng reng a ngai tih an sawi. Chutiang optimization rah chu ensiling process stage zawng zawngah hlohna tihtlem a ni: silo chhunga aerobic condition hmasa atanga a hnu lama fermentation, storage leh silo chaw pekna atana hawn leh thlengin. Field silage siam chhuah leh a hnu lama silage fermentation tihchangtlunna atana hmanraw bikte chu hmun dangah chipchiar takin sawiho a ni tawh (91, 93-95) a, hetah hian chipchiar takin kan sawi dawn lo. Buaina ber chu silage-a oxygen a awm laiin yeast leh mold-te avanga oxidative deterioration a ni (91, 92). Chuvangin, a chhiatna avanga thil tha lo awm thei tur venna atan biological inoculants leh chemical additives te an rawn dah lut ta a ni (91, 92). Silage additives chungchanga ngaihtuah tur dangte chu silage-a awm thei natna hrik (eg, natna thlentu E. coli, Listeria, leh Salmonella) bakah mycotoxin siamtu fungi (96–98)-a awm thei te darh zel tihtlem a ni.
Mack leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (92) te chuan acidic additives te chu chi hnih ah an then a. Acids propionic, acetic, sorbic, leh benzoic acids te hian silage chu ruminants te hnena pek a nih hian yeast leh mold te thanna a tihtlem avangin aerobic stability a vawng reng thin (92). Mack leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (92) te chuan formic acid chu acid dang atanga an thliar hrang a, silage protein integrity vawng reng chungin clostridia leh spoilage microorganisms te titawp thei direct acidifier ah an ngai a ni. A taka hman chuan an salt form hi chemical form hman tlanglawn ber a ni a, chu chu non-salt form-a acid-te corrosive property awm loh nan a ni (91). Research group tam tak chuan formic acid hi silage atana acidic additive atan an zirchiang bawk. Formic acid hi acidifying potential chak tak leh silage-a protein leh water-soluble carbohydrate awm zat tihtlemtu detrimental silage microorganisms te thanna tikhawlo theitu a nih avangin hriat a ni (99). Chuvangin, He et al. (92) te chuan silage-a formic acid leh acidic additives te chu an khaikhin a. (100) te chuan formic acid hian Escherichia coli a titawp thei a, silage pH a tihhniam thei tih an hmuchhuak. Formic leh lactic acid siamtu bacteria culture te pawh silage-ah dahin acidification leh organic acid siamchhuahna tichak turin an dah bawk (101). Dik tak chuan Cooley leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (101) te chuan silage chu 3% (w/v) formic acid hmanga acidified a nih chuan lactic leh formic acid siam chhuah chu 800 leh 1000 mg organic acid/100 g sample aia tam a ni tih an hmuchhuak. Mack leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (92) te chuan silage additive research literature te chu chipchiar takin an enfiah a, kum 2000 atanga zirchianna tihchhuah tawh, formic acid leh acid dangte ngaihtuah leh/ emaw, a huam tel te pawh a tel a ni. Chuvangin, he review hian mimal zirchianna chipchiar takin a sawi dawn lo va, chemical silage additive atana formic acid hman tangkai dan chungchanga point pawimawh thenkhat a khaikhawm mai ang. Unbuffered leh buffered formic acid pahnih hi zirchian a ni tawh a, a tam zawkah chuan Clostridium spp. A relative activities (carbohydrate, protein, leh lactate uptake leh butyrate excretion) te chu a tlahniam duh hle a, ammonia leh butyrate production erawh a tlahniam a, dry matter retention a pung thung (92). Formic acid hnathawhnaah hian tihkhawtlai a awm a, mahse acid dang nena hman dun silage additive atana hman hian heng thil thenkhat hi a hneh niin a lang (92).
Formic acid hian mihring hriselna atana hlauhawm, natna thlentu bacteria a titawp thei a ni. Entirnan, Pauly leh Tam (102) te chuan laboratory silo te te chu L. monocytogenes dry matter level hrang hrang pathum (200, 430, leh 540 g/kg) awmna ryegrass hmangin an inoculate a, chutah chuan formic acid (3 ml/kg) emaw lactic acid bacteria (8 × 105/g) leh cellulolytic enzyme te nen an supplement a ni. An report dan chuan treatment pahnih hian L. monocytogenes chu low dry matter silage (200 g/kg)-ah hmuh theih loh khawpin a tihhniam thu an sawi. Mahse, medium dry matter silage (430 g/kg)-ah chuan L. monocytogenes chu formic acid hmanga enkawl silage-ah ni 30 hnuah pawh hmuh theih a la ni tho. L. monocytogenes tlahniam hi pH hniam zawk, lactic acid leh combined undissociated acids te nen a inzawm niin a lang. Entirnan, Pauly leh Tam (102) te chuan lactic acid leh combined undissociated acid level te chu a pawimawh hle tih an sawi a, hei hi dry matter tamna silage atanga formic acid hmanga enkawl media-a L. monocytogenes tlahniam hmuh a nih loh chhan pawh a ni thei. Nakin lawkah pawh hetiang bawk hian silage pathogens tlanglawn dang Salmonella leh pathogenic E. coli te pawh neih a ngai a ni. Silage microbial community pumpui 16S rDNA sequence analysis kimchang zawk hian formic acid awmna hmuna silage fermentation stage hrang hranga silage microbial population pum puia inthlak danglamna hriatchhuahna kawngah pawh a pui thei bawk (103). Microbiome data hmuh hian silage fermentation kal zel dan tur hriat chian zawk nan leh silage quality sang tak vawng reng turin additive combination tha ber ber siam turin analytical support a pe thei ang.
Grain-based animal feed-ah chuan formic acid hi antimicrobial agent atan hman a ni a, grain-derived feed matrices hrang hrang bakah feed ingredients thenkhat, rannung by-product-ah te pathogen level tihtlem nan hman a ni. Vawk leh ran dangtea natna hrik awm zat a nghawng dan hi zau takin chi hnih ah then theih a ni a, chungte chu chaw ei ngeia natna hrik awm zat a nghawng dan leh ran chaw enkawl tawh ei hnua ran chaw ei hnua natna hrik awmte chunga nghawng nei lo (20, 21, 104). Heng chi hnih hi a inzawm tlat tih a chiang a, ran chawa natna hrik awm zat tihtlem chuan rannungin chaw a ei hunah colonization tihtlem a thlen tur a ni. Mahse, feed matrix-a acid pakhat dah belh hian antimicrobial property chu thil engemaw zatin a nghawng thei a, chu chu feed composition leh acid dah dan form te hi a ni (21, 105).
Tunhma atang tawh khan formic acid leh a kaihhnawih acid dangte hman hian ran leh vawk chawa Salmonella direct control hi a ngaih pawimawh ber a ni (21). Heng zirchiannate result hi hun hrang hranga review engemaw zat tihchhuahah (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106) chipchiar takin tarlan a ni a, chuvangin heng zirchianna atanga thil hmuhchhuah pawimawh thenkhat chauh hi he review-ah hian sawiho a ni. Zirna engemaw zatah chuan ran chaw matrices-a formic acid-in antimicrobial activity a neih dan chu formic acid a inhriat dan dose leh hun chhung, feed matrix-a moisture awm zat, leh ran chaw leh ran chaw kawng chhunga bacteria awm zat a innghat tih hmuhchhuah a ni (19, 21, 107–109). Feed matrix chi hrang hrang leh ran chaw atana thil awmte awmna hmun pawh hian nghawng nei lian tak a ni. Chutiang chuan zirchianna engemaw zatah chuan Salmonella levels Ran by-product atanga bacteria toxins lakchhuah te chu thlai by-product atanga lakchhuah te nen a danglam thei tih hmuhchhuah a ni (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Mahse, formic acid ang chi acid-te chhanna inang lo chu ei leh in chhunga serovar dam rei dan leh ei leh in siam dan temperature inang lo nen a inzawm thei a ni (19, 113, 114). Acid treatment-a serovar response inang lo hi vawk chaw bawlhhlawh hmanga tihbawlhhlawhtu a ni thei bawk (113, 115), virulence gene expression inang lo (116) pawh hian hmun a chang thei bawk. Acid tolerance danglamna hian a lehlamah feed-borne acids te buffer tha tawk lo a nih chuan culture media-a Salmonella hmuhchhuahna a nghawng thei a ni (21, 105, 117–122). Diet taksa lam (particle size lam hawia) hian gastrointestinal tract-a formic acid awm zat (relative availability) pawh a nghawng thei bawk (123).
Feed-a formic acid dah tel hian antimicrobial activity a tihchangtlun theihna tur strategy te pawh a pawimawh hle. Feed mill hmanrua tihchhiat theihna leh ran chaw ei duhna lama harsatna awm thei tih tlem nan feed mixing hmaa high-contamination feed ingredients-ah acid concentration sang zawk neih an rawt a ni (105). Jones (51) chuan chemical hmanga tihfai hmaa ran chawa awm Salmonella chu chemical hmanga tihfai hnua ran chaw nena inzawm Salmonella aiin control a harsa zawk tih a sawi chhuak. Feed mill-a processing laiin feed thermal treatment chu feed-a Salmonella contamination tihtlem nan intervention atan an rawt a, mahse hei hi feed composition, particle size leh milling process nena inzawm thil dangteah a innghat a ni (51). Acid-te antimicrobial activity pawh temperature dependent a ni a, organic acid awmna hmuna temperature sang chuan Salmonella lakah synergistic inhibitory effect a nei thei a, hei hi Salmonella liquid culture-a hmuh a ni (124, 125). Salmonella-contaminated feeds chungchanga zirchianna engemaw zat chuan temperature sang chuan feed matrix-a acids te hnathawh a tipung tih ngaihdan hi a thlawp a ni (106, 113, 126). Amado leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (127) te chuan central composite design hmangin Salmonella enterica leh Escherichia coli chi 10, bawng chaw chi hrang hrang atanga lakchhuah a, acidified cattle pellets-a inoculated-a temperature leh acid (formic emaw lactic acid) inzawmna an zirchiang a. Anni chuan acid leh bacteria isolate chi hrang hrang te nen microbial reduction tibuaitu ber chu heat a ni tih an sawi chhuak a ni. Acid nena synergistic effect hi a la awm reng a, chuvangin temperature hniam zawk leh acid concentration hniam zawk hman theih a ni. Mahse, formic acid hman a nih hian synergistic effects hmuh tur a awm ngai lo tih an hmuchhuak bawk a, hei vang hian temperature sang zawka formic acid volatilization emaw, feed matrix components buffering effects emaw chu a factor a ni tih an ringhlel ta a ni.
Ran chaw pek hmaa chaw ei hun chhung tihtlem hi ran chaw pek laiin ei tur atanga natna hrik ran taksa chhunga lut tur control dan pakhat a ni. Mahse, feed-a acid chu gastrointestinal tract-ah a lut tawh chuan a antimicrobial activity chu a thawk chhunzawm zel thei a ni. Gastrointestinal tract-a acidic substance exogenously administered-te antimicrobial activity chu thil chi hrang hrangah a innghat thei a, chung zingah chuan gastric acid concentration, gastrointestinal tract-a active site, gastrointestinal tract-a pH leh oxygen awm zat, rannung kum, leh gastrointestinal microbial population-a relative composition (chu chu a awmna hmun a zirin a innghat a ni gastrointestinal tract leh rannung puitlin dan) (21, 24, 128–132). Chu bakah, gastrointestinal tract-a anaerobic microorganisms resident population (monogastric animals te chu an puitlin deuh deuh chuan digestive tract hnuai lam ah a dominant ta a ni) chuan fermentation hmangin organic acids active takin a siam chhuak a, chu chuan gastrointestinal tract-a lut transient pathogens te chungah pawh antagonistic effect a nei thei bawk (17, 19–21).
Research hmasa tam zawkah chuan vawk chaw ei kawng (gastrointestinal tract)-a Salmonella tihkhawtlai nan formate telin organic acids hman a ni a, hei hi review engemaw zatah chipchiar takin sawiho a ni tawh (12, 20, 21). Heng zirchiannate hi ngaihtuah ho a nih chuan thil pawimawh tak tak engemaw zat hmuh theih a ni. McHan leh Shotts (133) te chuan formic leh propionic acid pek hian vawk bacteria inoculated te cecum-a Salmonella Typhimurium level a tihhniam thu an sawi a, ni 7, 14 leh 21 an tlin chuan a zat an chhut chhuak a ni. Mahse, Hume et al. (128) te chuan C-14-labeled propionate an enfiah a, eitur chhunga propionate tlemte chauh hian cecum a thleng thei tih an sawi chhuak. Hei hi formic acid tan pawh a dik em tih hriat a la ni lo. Mahse, tun hnaiah Bourassa et al. (134) te chuan formic leh propionic acid pek hian vawk he bacteria inoculated te cecum-ah Salmonella Typhimurium level a tihhniam thu an sawi a, chu chu ni 7, 14 leh 21 an nih laiin an quantified a ni. (132) te chuan kar 6 chhunga broiler vawk te chu formic acid 4 g/t a pek chuan cecum-a S. Typhimurium concentration chu detection level hnuai lamah a tihhniam thu an sawi.
Diet-a formic acid awm hian poultry gastrointestinal tract hmun dangah nghawng a nei thei a ni. Al-Tarazi leh Alshavabkeh (134) te chuan formic acid leh propionic acid inzawmkhawm hian thlai leh cecum-a Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) bawlhhlawh a tihtlem theih thu an hmuchhuak a. Thompson leh Hinton (129) te chuan sumdawnna atana hman theih formic acid leh propionic acid inzawmkhawm hian thlai leh gizzard-a acid pahnih concentration a tipung a, representative rearing condition hnuaiah in vitro model-ah Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 lakah bactericidal a ni tih an hmuchhuak. He ngaihdan hi Bird et al.-te in vivo data-in a thlawp a ni. (135) te chuan broiler vawk te chu an thawn chhuah hmaa chaw nghei hun chhung (simulated fasting period) chhungin an in tur tuiah formic acid an dah a, hei hi broiler vawk te chu vawk processing plant-a an phurh hmaa an tawrh thin ang chiah a ni. Tui in tur-ah formic acid dah belh a nih chuan thlai leh epididymis-ah S. Typhimurium a tlahniam a, S. Typhimurium-positive thlai a tlem phah a, mahse positive epididymis erawh a tlahniam lo (135). Organic acids te chu lower gastrointestinal tract-a an active laiin venghim thei tur delivery system siam chhuah hian a thatna a ti sang thei ang. Entirnan, formic acid microencapsulation leh feed-a a dah hian cecal contents-a Salmonella Enteritidis awm zat a tihtlem tih hmuhchhuah a ni (136). Mahse, hei hi rannung chi hrang hrang a zirin a danglam thei. Entirnan, Walia leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (137) te chuan ni 28 mi vawk, formic acid, citric acid, leh essential oil capsule inzawmkhawm pek te cecum emaw lymph node-ah Salmonella tlahniam an hmu lo va, ni 14-ah bawlhhlawh atanga Salmonella paih chhuah chu ni 28-ah tlahniam mah se, ni 28-ah chuan a tlahniam lo tih an hmuchhuak a, vawk inkara Salmonella horizontal transmission chu a veng thei tih an hmuchhuak bawk.
Ran vulh kawngah formic acid hi antimicrobial agent a nih thu zirchiannaah hian ei leh in atanga lo chhuak Salmonella chungchang hi ngaihtuah ber ni mah se, gastrointestinal pathogens dangte pawh target-na zirchianna thenkhat a awm bawk. In vitro-a zirchianna Kovanda leh a thawhpuiten an zirchiannaah chuan. (68) te chuan formic acid hian gastrointestinal food-borne pathogens dang, Escherichia coli leh Campylobacter jejuni te lakah pawh a thawk tha thei tih an sawi. Zirchianna hmasa zawkah chuan organic acid (eg, lactic acid) leh sumdawnna atana hman tur mixture-a formic acid telna hian vawk vulh zingah Campylobacter level a tihhniam thei tih hmuhchhuah a ni (135, 138). Mahse, a hmaa Beyer leh a thawhpuiten an lo sawi tawh ang khan. (67), Campylobacter laka antimicrobial agent atana formic acid hman hi fimkhur a ngai mai thei. He thil hmuhchhuah hi vawk chaw ei tur (dietary supplementation) atan a buaithlak hle a, a chhan chu formic acid hi C. jejuni tan chuan thawkna chakna bulpui ber a nih vang a ni. Chubakah, a gastrointestinal niche thenkhat chu gastrointestinal bacteria, formate ang chi mixed acid fermentation products nena metabolic cross-feeding vang nia ngaih a ni (139). He ngaihdan hian innghahna engemaw zat a nei a ni. Formate hi C. jejuni tana chemoattractant a nih avangin formate dehydrogenase leh hydrogenase pahnih a chhiatna nei double mutant te hian broiler vawk ah hian wild-type C. jejuni strain te nen khaikhin chuan cecal colonization rate an ti tlem zawk a ni (140, 141). External formic acid supplementation hian vawk C. jejuni-in gastrointestinal tract colonization a nghawng dan hi eng chen nge a nghawng tih hriat a la ni lo. Gastrointestinal formate concentration tak tak chu gastrointestinal bacteria dangte formate catabolism emaw upper gastrointestinal tract-a formate absorption vang emaw a hniam thei a, chuvangin variable engemaw zatin hei hi a nghawng thei a ni. Chu bakah, formate hi gastrointestinal bacteria thenkhat siam chhuah fermentation product awm thei a ni a, hei hian total gastrointestinal formate level a nghawng thei bawk. Gastrointestinal contents-a formate awm zat tehna leh metagenomics hmanga formate dehydrogenase genes hriatchhuah hian formate siamtu microorganisms-te ecology lam hawi thil engemaw zat a tichiang thei a ni.
Roth leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (142) te chuan broiler vawk te chu antibiotic enrofloxacin emaw formic, acetic leh propionic acids inzawmkhawm emaw pek hian antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli vei tamna a nghawng dan an khaikhin a. Total leh antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates chu ni 1 mi broiler vawk atanga pooled faecal sample leh ni 14 leh 38 mi broiler chicken atanga cecal content sample ah te chhiar a ni. E. coli isolates te chu antibiotic tinte breakpoint a hmaa an lo ruat tawh angin ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, leh tetracycline te laka an inven theihna tur an enfiah a ni. E. coli population hrang hrangte quantified leh characterized an nih chuan enrofloxacin emaw acid cocktail supplementation emaw hian ni 17 leh 28 mi broiler chicken ceca atanga E. coli lakchhuah zawng zawng chu a tidanglam lo. Enrofloxacin supplemented diet pek savate chu ciprofloxacin-, streptomycin-, sulfamethoxazole-, leh tetracycline-resistant E. coli level a sang a, ceca-ah cefotaxime-resistant E. coli level a tlahniam bawk. Cocktail pek savate chu control leh enrofloxacin-supplemented savate nena khaikhin chuan ceca-ah ampicillin- leh tetracycline-resistant E. coli an tlem zawk a ni. Mixed acid pek savate pawhin enrofloxacin pek savate nena khaikhin chuan cecum-a ciprofloxacin- leh sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli an nei tlem zawk bawk. Acid-te hian E. coli zawng zawng tihtlem lovin antibiotic-resistant E. coli a tihtlem dan tur hi hriat chian a la ni lo. Mahse, Roth et al. enrofloxacin group-a mite nen an inmil hle. (142) Hei hi E. coli-a antibiotic resistance genes, Cabezon et al. (143) a ni. Formic acid ang chi feed additives awmnaah poultry-te gastrointestinal population-a plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance chungchang thuk zawka zirchianna neih a, gastrointestinal resistome tehna hmanga he zirchianna hi tihthianghlim lehzual chu ngaihnawm tak a ni ang.
Pathogens laka antimicrobial feed additives tha ber siam chhuah hian a tha ber chu gastrointestinal flora pumpuiah nghawng a nei tlem ber tur a ni a, a bik takin host tana tangkai nia ngaih microbiota te chungah nghawng a nei tlem ber tur a ni. Mahse, exogenously administered organic acids hian resident gastrointestinal microbiota ah nghawng tha lo tak a nei thei a, eng emaw chen chu pathogens laka an venhimna property a tichhe thei bawk. Entirnan, Thompson leh Hinton (129) te chuan formic leh propionic acids inzawmkhawm pek vawk laying-ah thlai lactic acid level tlahniam an hmu a, hei hian thlai chhunga heng exogenous organic acids awm hian thlai lactobacilli a tihhniam thu a tarlang. Crop lactobacilli hi Salmonella daltu anga ngaih a ni a, chuvangin he resident crop microbiota tihbuai hian gastrointestinal tract-a Salmonella colonization hlawhtling taka tihtlem nan a tichhe thei a ni (144). Açıkgöz leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. savate gastrointestinal tract hnuai lam nghawng chu a hniam zawk thei tih an hmuchhuak. (145) Ni 42 mi broiler vawk, formic acid hmanga acidified tui in intestinal flora zawng zawng emaw Escherichia coli count-ah danglamna hmuh tur a awm lo. Hemi ziaktute chuan hei hi upper gastrointestinal tract-a formate metabolized vang a ni thei tih an sawi a, hei hi exogenously administered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) hmanga zirchiangtu dangte pawhin an hmuh tawh angin (128, 129).
Formic acid hi encapsulation chi khat hmanga venhim hian a hnuai lam gastrointestinal tract thleng turin a pui thei a ni. (146) te chuan microencapsulated formic acid hian vawk cecum-a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) awm zawng zawng chu unprotected formic acid pek vawk nen khaikhin chuan nasa takin a tipung tih an hmuchhuak. He result hian ziaktute chu formic acid hi uluk taka venhim a nih chuan lower gastrointestinal tract a thleng thei tih an rawt a ni. Mahse, parameter dang engemaw zat, formate leh lactate concentration te chu control diet pek vawk aiin a sang zawk nachungin, unprotected formate diet pek vawk te nen chuan statistically danglamna a awm lo. Vawk venhim loh leh humhalh loh formic acid pek te chuan lactic acid a let thum vel zetin a pung tih hmuchhuak mahse, lactobacilli zat chu enkawlna pahnih hmang hian a danglam lo. Chumi danglamna chu cecum-a lactic acid siamtu microorganism dangte (1) heng hmanrua hmanga hmuhchhuah loh leh/ emaw (2) an metabolic activity nghawng nei te tan a langsar zawk thei a, chu chuan fermentation pattern a tidanglam a, chu chuan resident lactobacilli-te chuan lactic acid tam zawk an siam chhuak thei a ni.
Farm rannungte chaw ei tur additive-in a nghawng dan dik zawka zir chian nan chuan higher-resolution microbial identification method hman a ngai a ni. Kum tlemte kalta chhung khan 16S RNA gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) hmangin microbiome taxa hriatchhuah a ni a, microbial community hrang hrangte khaikhin a ni bawk (147), hei hian dietary feed additives leh ei tur rannung, vawk ang chi gastrointestinal microbiota inzawmna hriatthiamna tha zawk a pe a ni.
Zirna engemaw zatah chuan microbiome sequencing hmangin chicken gastrointestinal microbiome-in formate supplementation a chhan dan an zirchiang tawh a ni. Oakley leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (148) te chuan ni 42 mi broiler vawk, an tui in tur emaw, an ei tur emawa formic acid, propionic acid, leh medium-chain fatty acids combination hrang hrang supplemented-ah zirchianna an nei a. Immunized vawk te chu nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium strain hmangin challenge an ni a, an ceca chu ni 0, 7, 21, leh 42 an tlin chuan lakchhuah a ni. Cecal sample chu pyrosequencing 454 atan siam a ni a, sequencing result chu classification leh similarity comparison atan endik a ni. A pum puiin, enkawlna hian cecal microbiome emaw S. Typhimurium level emaw a nghawng lian lo hle. Mahse, savate an upa chhoh zel chuan Salmonella hmuhchhuah zat zawng zawng chu a tlahniam a, hei hi microbiome-a taxonomic analysis-in a nemnghet a, hun kal zelah Salmonella sequences relative abundance pawh a tlahniam bawk. Hemi ziaktute hian broiler te hi an upa chhoh zel chuan cecal microbial population hrang hrang a pung tih an sawi a, treatment group zawng zawngah gastrointestinal flora-ah danglamna langsar ber hmuh a ni. Tun hnaia zirchianna an neihah Hu et al. (149) te chuan tui in leh organic acid (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, leh ammonium formate) leh virginiamycin inzawmkhawm chaw pek hian broiler vawk, stage hnih (ni 1–21 leh ni 22–42)-a lakkhawm cecal microbiome sample-a nghawng a neih dan an khaikhin a. Ni 21 an tlin chuan treatment group hrang hrangah cecal microbiome diversity-ah danglamna engemaw zat hmuh ni mah se, ni 42-ah chuan α- emaw β-bacteria diversity-ah danglamna a awm lo. Ni 42 an tlin chuan danglamna a awm loh avangin, ziaktute chuan a thanna thatna hi a hmaa optimally diverse microbiome din a nih vang a ni thei tih an hypothesis a.
Cecal microbial community chauh ngaihtuah microbiome analysis hian dietary organic acids-in nghawng a neih tam ber chu gastrointestinal tract-ah khawiah nge a awm tih a tarlang lo mai thei. Broiler vawk upper gastrointestinal tract microbiome hi dietary organic acids te nghawng a hlauhawm zawk thei a, hei hi Hume et al. (128) a ni. Hume leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (128) te chuan exogenously added propionate tam zawk chu savate upper gastrointestinal tract-ah a insiam tih an hmuchhuak a. Tun hnaia gastrointestinal microorganisms characterization chungchanga zirchianna pawh hian he ngaihdan hi a thlawp a ni. Nava leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (150) te chuan organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, leh propionic acid (HFP) te inzawmkhawm chuan gut microbiota a nghawng a, vawk ileum-ah Lactobacillus colonization a tipung tih an hmuchhuak. Tun hnaiah Goodarzi Borojeni leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (150) te chuan organic acid mixture [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, leh propionic acid (HFP) te inzawmkhawm hian gut microbiota a nghawng a, vawk ileum-ah Lactobacillus colonization a tipung tih an hmuchhuak. (151) te chuan broiler vawk te chu formic acid leh propionic acid inzawmkhawm chu ni 35 chhung concentration hnih (0.75% leh 1.50%)-a pek dan an zirchiang a. Experiment tawp lamah chuan thlai, pum, ileum hmun thuma ṭhena hmun hnih (distal two-thirds of the ileum) leh cecum te chu lakchhuah niin, RT-PCR hmangin specific gastrointestinal flora leh metabolites quantitative analysis atan sample lak a ni. Culture-ah chuan organic acids concentration hian Lactobacillus emaw Bifidobacterium emaw tamna a nghawng lo va, Clostridium population a tipung zawk thung. Ileum-ah chuan a danglamna awm chhun chu Lactobacillus leh Enterobacter tlahniam a ni a, cecum-ah erawh chuan heng flora te hi a danglam lo thung (151). Organic acid supplementation concentration sang ber ah chuan thlaiah lactic acid concentration zawng zawng (D leh L) a tlahniam a, gizzard ah organic acid pahnih concentration a tlahniam a, cecum ah organic acid concentration a hniam zawk bawk. Ileum-ah hian danglamna a awm lo. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) chungchangah chuan organic acid pek sava thlai leh gizzard-a inthlak danglamna awmchhun chu propionate level-ah a ni. Organic acid concentration hniam zawk pek savate chuan thlaiah propionate a let sawm vel zetin a pung a, chutih laiin organic acid concentration pahnih pek savate erawh chuan gizzard-ah propionate a let riat leh a let sawm leh panga zetin a pung thung. Ileum-a acetate tihpun chu a let hnih aia tlem a ni. A pum puiin, heng data te hian pawn lam organic acid hmannain nghawng a neih tam zawk chu yield-ah a lang chiang hle a, chutih laiin organic acids chuan lower gastrointestinal microbial community-ah nghawng a nei tlem hle tih ngaihdan chu a thlawp a, hei hian upper gastrointestinal resident flora-a fermentation pattern chu a danglam thei tih a tilang a ni.
A chiang e, microbiome characterization thuk zawka siam a ngai a, chu chu gastrointestinal tract zawng zawnga formate-a microbial response te chiang taka hriat chian a ngai a ni. Gastrointestinal compartment bik, a bik takin thlai ang chi upper compartment-a microbial taxonomy thuk zawka zirchian chuan microorganism pawl thenkhat thlan dan tur hriat belh a ni thei ang. An metabolic leh enzymatic activity hian gastrointestinal tract-a lut pathogens te nen antagonistic relationship an neih leh neih loh a hril thei bawk. Tin, sava dam chhunga acidic chemical additives nena inzawmna hian resident bacteria “acid-tolerant” zawk a thlang em tih hriat nan metagenomic analysis neih pawh a ngaihnawm hle ang a, heng bacteria awm leh/ emaw metabolic activity hian pathogen colonization daltu dang a entîr dawn em tih hriat a ngaihnawm bawk ang.
Formic acid hi kum tam tak chhung chu ran chawah chemical additive atan leh silage acidifier atan hman a ni tawh a. A hmanna ber pakhat chu ran chawa natna hrik awm zat tihtlem nan leh a hnu lama savate chaw kawng (gastrointestinal tract)-a an awm theihna tura antimicrobial action a neih hi a ni. In vitro study-ah chuan formic acid hi Salmonella leh natna hrik dangte laka antimicrobial agent tha tak a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Mahse, feed matrices-a formic acid hman hi feed ingredients-a organic matter tam lutuk leh an buffering capacity awm theihna avang hian a tlem thei hle. Formic acid hian chaw ei emaw tui in emaw hmanga ei hian Salmonella leh natna hrik dangte chu a dodal niin a lang. Mahse, he antagonism hi upper gastrointestinal tract-ah a thleng ber a, propionic acid-a a awm ang bawkin lower gastrointestinal tract-ah formic acid concentration a tlahniam thei a ni. Encapsulation hmanga formic acid venhimna concept hian acid tam zawk lower gastrointestinal tract-a thlen theihna tur kawng awm thei tak a pe a ni. Chubakah, zirchianna hrang hrangah chuan organic acid inzawmkhawm hian acid pakhat pek ai chuan vawk hnathawh thatna kawngah a hlawk zawk tih hmuhchhuah a ni bawk (152). Gastrointestinal tract-a campylobacter hian formate hi a chhanna a danglam thei a, a chhan chu formate hi electron donor atan a hmang thei a, formate hi a chakna bulpui ber a ni. Gastrointestinal tract-a formate concentration tihpun hian Campylobacter tan a hlawkpui dawn em tih erawh a chiang lo a, hei hi formate substrate atana hmang thei gastrointestinal flora dang a zirin a thleng lo thei bawk.
Gastrointestinal formic acid hian non-pathogenic resident gastrointestinal microbes a nghawng dan zirchian nan zirchianna dang neih belh a ngai a ni. Host tana \angkai thei gastrointestinal microbiome member-te tibuai lovin pathogens te chu thlan bik taka target kan duh zawk. Mahse, hei hian heng resident gastrointestinal microbial community-te microbiome sequence hi ngun zawka zirchian a ngai a ni. Formic acid hmanga enkawl sava cecal microbiome chungchangah zirchianna thenkhat tihchhuah ni mahse, upper gastrointestinal microbial community lam ngaihven zawk a ngai a ni. Microorganism hriatchhuah leh formic acid awm leh awm loha gastrointestinal microbial community inmilna tehkhin hi sawifiahna tling lo a ni thei. Compositionally similar group hrang hrangte functional difference characterize turin metabolomics leh metagenomics telin analysis dang neih belh a ngai a ni. Chutiang characterization chu gastrointestinal microbial community leh formic acid-based improvers laka savate performance response inzawmna siam nan a pawimawh hle. Gastrointestinal function dik zawka characterize turin approach hrang hrang inzawmkhawm hian organic acid supplementation strategy tha zawk siam theihna a siam tur a ni a, a tawpah chuan sava hriselna leh performance tha ber tur hrilhlawkna a tichangtlung tur a ni a, chutih rualin ei leh in himna atana hlauhawmna a tihtlem bawk tur a ni.
SR hian DD leh KR te puihnain he review hi a ziak a ni. He review-a hnathawh tarlannaah hian ziaktu zawng zawngte hian nasa takin an thawhhlawk a ni.
He review hian he review ziah leh tihchhuah tanna atan hian Anitox Corporation hnen atangin sum a dawng tih ziaktute chuan an puang a ni. He review article-a ngaihdan leh thutlukna siamah hian funder-te hian nghawng an nei lo va, tihchhuah tura thutlukna siamah pawh nghawng an nei lo.
Lehkhabu ziaktu dangte chuan zirchianna hi sumdawnna emaw sum leh pai lama inzawmna awm lo, inhnialna awm thei anga ngaih theih a nih loh thu an puang a ni.
Dr. DD chuan University of Arkansas Graduate School atanga Distinguished Teaching Fellowship hmanga tanpuina a dawng a, chubakah University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program leh Department of Food Sciences atanga tanpuina kalpui zel chu lawmthu a sawi bawk. Tin, he review ziah tura a tir lama min puitu Anitox chungah pawh ziaktute chuan lawmthu an sawi bawk.
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