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Clastic reservoir-a shale tihpun hian harsatna lian tak a siam a, wellbore instability a thlen thin. Environment avang hian oil hmanga drilling fluid aiin water-based drilling fluid, shale inhibitor dah belh hi hman a tha zawk. Ionic liquids (ILs) hian tunable property leh electrostatic characteristic chak tak a neih avangin shale inhibitor angin ngaihven a hlawh hle. Mahse, drilling fluid-a hman lar tak, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids (ILs) hi a toxic, non-biodegradable leh man to tak a nih thu a chiang ta a ni. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) hi ionic liquid aiin a man tlawm zawk leh toxic lo zawka ngaih a ni a, mahse environment sustainability mamawh aiin a la tlahniam tho tho. Tun hnaia he lama hmasawnna avang hian natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) siam a ni a, hei hi boruak tichhe thei tak tak nia hriat a ni. He zirchianna hian NADESs te hi a zirchiang a, chungte chu citric acid (hydrogen bond acceptor angin) leh glycerol (hydrogen bond donor angin) te chu drilling fluid additives atan an hmang a ni. NADES-based drilling fluids hi API 13B-1 angin siam a ni a, an performance chu potassium chloride-based drilling fluids, imidazolium-based ionic liquids, leh choline chloride:urea-DES-based drilling fluids te nen khaikhin a ni. Proprietary NADESs te physicochemical property te chu chipchiar takin tarlan a ni. He zirchianna neih chhung hian drilling fluid-a rheological property, fluid loss, leh shale inhibition property te an zirchiang a, NADESs 3% concentration-ah chuan yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) a sang a, mud cake thickness 26%-in a tlahniam a, filtrate volume pawh 30.1%-in a tlahniam tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu NADES hian expansion inhibition rate ropui tak 49.14% a nei a, shale production pawh 86.36% a tipung bawk. Heng results te hi NADES hian clays te surface activity, zeta potential, leh interlayer spacing te a siam danglam theih vang a ni a, chungte chu he paper-ah hian a hnuaia mechanism hriatthiam nan kan sawiho a ni. He sustainable drilling fluid hian drilling industry a tidanglam dawn a, traditional shale corrosion inhibitor ai chuan non-toxic, cost-effective, leh highly effective alternative a pe dawn a, environment friendly drilling practices atan kawng a hawng dawn a ni.
Shale hi lungpui hmanraw tangkai tak a ni a, hydrocarbons source leh reservoir atan pawh a thawk a, a porous structure1 hian heng thil hlu tak takte siamchhuah leh dahkhawmna kawngah pawh theihna a pe a ni. Mahse, shale hian leilung mineral montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite leh illite te a pai tam hle a, chu chuan tui a tlak chuan a hring chhuak awlsam hle a, chu chuan drilling hnathawh laiin wellbore a ti nghet lo Heng thilte hian non-productive time (NPT) leh operational problems tam tak a thlen thei a, chung zingah chuan pipe tang, mud circulation hloh, wellbore chim leh bit fouling, recovery time leh cost tihpun te pawh a tel. Tunhma atang tawhin oil-based drilling fluids (OBDF) hi shale formation atan chuan shale expansion do thei a nih avangin duhthlanna tha ber a ni4. Mahse, oil-based drilling fluid hman hian senso a tisang zawk a, boruak tichhe thei a ni. Synthetic-based drilling fluids (SBDF) hi a danglamna atan ngaih a ni a, mahse temperature sang takah chuan a remchan dan chu a lungawithlak lo hle. Water-based drilling fluids (WBDF) hi OBDF5 aiin a him zawk a, boruak a tichhe zawk a, a man pawh a tlawm zawk avangin solution hmuhnawm tak a ni. WBDF-a shale inhibition theihna tihpun nan shale inhibitor hrang hrang hman a ni a, chung zingah chuan traditional inhibitor potassium chloride, lime, silicate, leh polymer te pawh hman a ni. Mahse, heng inhibitor te hian a thatna leh boruak a nghawng danah hian tihkhawtlai an nei a, a bik takin potassium chloride inhibitor-a K+ concentration sang leh silicates pH sensitivity vang a ni. 6 Researcher-te chuan drilling fluid rheology tihchangtlun nan leh shale swelling leh hydrate formation ven nan ionic liquids chu drilling fluid additives atan hman theih dan tur an zirchiang a. Mahse, heng ionic liquid te, a bik takin imidazolyl cations nei te hi a tlangpuiin toxic, man to, biodegradable lo, siam dan buaithlak tak tak a ngai a ni. Heng harsatna sutkian nan hian mipuiten sum leh pai lama harsatna leh boruak tichhe lo zawk an zawng tan a, chu chuan deep eutectic solvents (DES) a lo chhuak ta a ni. DES hi eutectic mixture a ni a, hydrogen bond donor (HBD) leh hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) te atanga molar ratio leh temperature bik a siam a ni. Heng eutectic mixture te hian an component hrang hrang aiin melting point an nei hniam zawk a, hei hi a chhan ber chu hydrogen bonds avanga charge delocalization vang a ni. DES melting point tihhniamna kawngah hian thil tam tak, lattice energy, entropy change, leh anion leh HBD inkara inzawmna te hian hmun pawimawh tak an chang a ni.
Tun hmaa zirchiannaah khan shale expansion problem chinfel nan water-based drilling fluid-ah additive hrang hrang dah a ni. Entirnan, Ofei leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) a dah belh a, hei hian mud cake thickness (50% thleng) nasa takin a tihhniam a, temperature hrang hrangah YP/PV value chu 11 in a tihhniam bawk. Huang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. ionic liquids (a bik takin, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide leh 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) te chu Na-Bt particles nen an hmang dun a, shale swelling chu 86.43% leh 94.17%-in nasa takin a tihtlem a ni Hei bakah hian Yang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi bawk. 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide leh 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide hmangin shale swelling 16.91% leh 5.81% a tihziaawm a ni. 13 Yang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide pawh a hmang bawk a, shale expansion chu 31.62%-in a tihtlem bakah shale recovery chu 40.60%-ah a vawng reng bawk. 14 Chu bakah chuan Luo et al. 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate hmangin shale swelling 80% a tihziaawm a ni. 15, 16 Dai leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. shale tihkhawtlai nan ionic liquid copolymers a hmang a, amine inhibitor nena khaikhin chuan linear recovery 18% zetin a pung a ni. 17. A rilru a hah lutuk
Ionic liquids ngei pawh hian harsatna engemaw zat a nei a, chu chuan scientist-te chu ionic liquids aia boruak tichhe lo zawk zawng turin a fuih a, chutiang chuan DES chu a lo piang ta a ni. Hanjia hian deep eutectic solvent (DES) a hmang hmasa ber a, chu chu vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), leh 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2) te a ni a, hei hian bentonite swelling chu 68%, 58%, leh 58% an ni18. Free experiment-ah MH Rasul chuan glycerol leh potassium carbonate (DES) ratio 2:1 a hmang a, shale sample-a swelling chu 87%19,20-in nasa takin a tihtlem a ni. Ma chuan urea:vinyl chloride hmangin shale zau zawng chu 67%-in nasa takin a tihtlem a ni.21 Rasul et al. DES leh polymer inzawmkhawm hi dual-action shale inhibitor atan hman a ni a, hei hian shale inhibition effect tha tak a nei a ni22.
Deep eutectic solvent (DES) hi ionic liquid aiin greener alternative anga ngaih ni mahse, ammonium salt ang chi toxic components pawh a awm bawk a, hei hian an eco-friendliness chu zawhna a siam a ni. He harsatna avang hian natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) siam chhuah a ni ta a ni. DES-ah an la classified a, mahse natural substance leh salt atanga siam an ni a, potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom salt (MgSO4.7H2O), leh a dangte pawh a tel. DES leh NADES te inzawmkhawm theih tam tak hian he kawngah hian zirchianna hmun zau tak a hawng a, kawng hrang hrangah hmanna a hmuh beisei a ni. Researcher engemaw zatin DES combination thar hlawhtling takin an siam chhuak a, chu chu hmanraw hrang hrangah a tangkai hle tih a chiang hle. Entirnan, Naser leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 2013 khan potassium carbonate-based DES a siam a, a thermophysical property te a zirchiang a, chu chuan a hnuah hydrate inhibition, drilling fluid additives, delignification, leh nanofibrillation lamah te hmanna a hmuchhuak a ni. 23 Jordy Kim leh a thawhpuiten ascorbic acid-based NADES an siam a, a antioxidant property te chu hmanna hrang hrangah an zirchiang a. 24 Christer leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. citric acid-based NADES an siam a, collagen products atana excipient a nih theih dan an hmuchhuak bawk. 25 Liu Yi leh a thawhpuiten NADES hman dan chu extraction leh chromatography media atana hman dan chu uluk taka thlirletnaah an khaikhawm a, Misan et al. agri-food sector-a NADES hman tangkai dan tur an sawiho. Drilling fluid zirchiangtute chuan an hmannaah NADES hman tangkai dan an ngaihven tan a pawimawh hle. tunhnai. Kum 2023 khan Rasul leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 leh Epsom salt29 hmanga siam natural deep eutectic solvent combination hrang hrang hmangin shale inhibition leh shale recovery hmuhnawm tak an nei thei a ni. He zirchianna hi tui hmanga drilling fluid-a shale inhibitor environment tichhe lo leh tangkai tak NADES (a bik takin citric acid leh glycerol-based formulation) hman hmasak ber zinga mi a ni a, hei hian environment stability tha tak a nei a, shale inhibition ability a ti tha zawk a, traditional inhibitor KCl, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids leh traditional DES te nena khaikhin chuan fluid performance a ti tha zawk bawk.
He zirchiannaah hian citric acid (CA) based NADES in-house-a siam a ni ang a, chumi hnuah physicochemical characterization kimchang tak neih a ni ang a, drilling fluid property leh a swelling inhibition ability tehna atan drilling fluid additive atana hman a ni ang. He zirchiannaah hian CA hian hydrogen bond acceptor angin hna a thawk ang a, glycerol (Gly) erawh chu shale inhibition study-a NADES siam/thlanna atana MH screening criteria hmanga thlan chhuah hydrogen bond donor angin a thawk ang Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) leh zeta potential (ZP) tehna hmangin NADES-clay inzawmna leh leilung hring (clay swelling inhibition) awm dan chu a chiang ang. Tin, he zirchianna hian CA NADES based drilling fluid leh DES32 based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl leh choline chloride:urea (1:2) te chu a khaikhin dawn a, shale inhibition leh drilling fluid performance tihchangtlunna kawnga an that dan zirchian a ni bawk ang.
Citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), leh urea te hi EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia atangin an lei a ni. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, leh potassium chloride te hi Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia atangin an lei a ni. Chemical zawng zawng chemical structure chu Figure 1-ah hian tarlan a ni a, green diagram hian he zirchiannaa chemical hman ber berte a khaikhin a, chungte chu imidazolyl ionic liquid, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, leh NADES (citric acid leh glycerol) te an ni. He zirchiannaa chemical hmante eco-friendliness table hi Table 1-ah hian tarlan a ni a, table-ah hian chemical tinte chu toxicity, biodegradability, cost, leh environment sustainability atanga teh a ni.
He zirchiannaa hmanraw hmante chemical structure: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, leh (d) glycerol.
CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) based NADES siamna atana hydrogen bond donor (HBD) leh hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) candidate te chu MH 30 thlan dan angin uluk takin thlan an ni a, hei hi NADES chu shale inhibitor tha tak anga siam chhuahna atana ruahman a ni. He criterion ang hian hydrogen bond donor leh acceptor tam tak nei component bakah polar functional group te chu NADES siamna atana tha takah ngaih a ni.
Chu bakah, ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl leh choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) te hi he zirchiannaah hian tehkhin nan thlan a ni a, a chhan chu drilling fluid additives atana hman lar tak a nih vang a ni33,34,35, Hei bakah hian potassium chloride (KCl) hi inhibitor tlanglawn tak a nih avangin an khaikhin bawk.
Citric acid leh glycerol te chu molar ratio hrang hrangah an pawlh a, eutectic mixture an hmu ta a ni. Visual inspection-ah chuan eutectic mixture chu turbidity nei lo homogeneous, transparent liquid a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni a, hei hian he eutectic composition-ah hian hydrogen bond donor (HBD) leh hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) te chu hlawhtling taka an inhmeh tih a tilang a ni. HBD leh HBA mixing process temperature-dependent behavior enfiah nan experiment hmasa ber an nei a. Literature awmsa atanga a lan dan chuan eutectic mixtures proportion chu 50 °C, 70 °C leh 100 °C aia sang temperature bik pathum-ah an zirchiang a, hei hian eutectic temperature chu 50–80 °C inkar a nih tlangpui thu a tarlang. HBD leh HBA component te dik taka tehna atan Mettler digital balance hman a ni a, Thermo Fisher hot plate hmangin controlled condition hnuaiah HBD leh HBA 100 rpm-a tihlum leh stir a ni bawk.
Kan synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) thermophysical property, density, surface tension, refractive index, leh viscosity te chu 289.15 atanga 333.15 K inkar temperature range-ah dik takin kan teh a, hei hi hriat tur chu he temperature range hi hmanraw awm tawhte tihkhawtlai vang a ni ber. Comprehensive analysis-ah hian he NADES formulation-a thermophysical property hrang hrangte ngun taka zirchian a ni a, temperature hrang hranga an awm dan tarlan a ni. He temperature range bik hi ngaihtuah hian NADES property hrang hrang, hmanna engemaw zat atana pawimawh tak takte hriatna a pe a ni.
As-prepared NADES surface tension chu interfacial tension meter (IFT700) hmangin 289.15 atanga 333.15 K inkar ah an teh a ni. NADES droplets hi temperature leh pressure condition bik hnuaiah capillary needle hmangin liquid volume lian tak nena khat chamber-ah siam a ni. Tunlai imaging system hian Laplace equation hmanga interfacial tension chhut nan geometric parameter dik tak a rawn hmang a.
ATAGO refractometer hmangin NADES siam tharte refractive index chu temperature range 289.15 atanga 333.15 K inkar a ni a, he instrument hian thermal module hmangin temperature a regulate a, light refraction degree a chhut a, hei hian constant-temperature water bath a ngai tawh lo. Refractometer prism surface chu tihfai tur a ni a, sample solution chu a chungah inang tlang taka sem darh tur a ni. Standard solution hriat tawh hmangin calibrate la, chutah chuan screen atang chuan refractive index chu chhiar rawh.
As-prepared NADES viscosity chu Brookfield rotational viscometer (cryogenic type) hmangin 289.15 atanga 333.15 K temperature range-ah shear rate 30 rpm leh spindle size 6 hmangin an teh a, viscometer hian liquid sample-a spindle chu speed constant-a rotate theihna tura torque mamawh zat a teh a ni. Sample chu spindle hnuaia screen-a dah a, tihkhauh a nih hnuah, viscometer chuan viscosity chu centipoise (cP)-in a tarlang a, chu chuan liquid-a rheological property chungchangah information hlu tak a pe a ni.
Portable density meter DMA 35 Basic hmangin natural deep eutectic solvent (NDEES) siam thar density chu temperature range 289.15–333.15 K. Tube kaltlangin sample 2 ml tal draw la, density chu screen-ah a lang nghal ang. Hriat tur chu built-in heater a awm loh avangin tehna result-ah hian error ± 2 °C a awm a ni.
NADES siam thar pH 289.15–333.15 K inkar a pH tehna atan Kenis benchtop pH meter kan hmang a. Built-in heating device a awm loh avangin NADES chu hotplate hmangin temperature duh ang (±2 °C) thlengin an vawt hmasa a, chutah chuan pH meter hmangin direct-in an teh a ni. pH meter probe chu NADES-ah thun vek la, reading a stabilise hnuah final value chu record rawh.
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) te thermal stability te chu thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) hmangin an zirchiang a ni. Sample te chu heating laiin an zirchiang a. High-precision balance hmangin leh heating process uluk taka enfiahin mass loss leh temperature plot siam a ni. NADES chu minute khatah 1 °C velin 0 atanga 500 °C thlenga tihlum a ni.
Process tan nan chuan NADES sample chu uluk taka mix a ngai a, homogenized a ngai a, surface moisture chu lakchhuah a ngai bawk. Chumi hnuah sample siam chu TGA cuvette-ah dah a ni a, chu chu a tlangpuiin aluminium ang chi inert material hmanga siam a ni. Results dik tak hmuh theih nan TGA instruments te hi reference materials hmangin calibrate an ni a, a tlangpuiin weight standards hmangin an calibrate thin. Calibrate zawh chuan TGA experiment chu tan a ni a, sample chu controlled takin an lum a, a tlangpuiin constant rate-in an ti lum a ni. Sample rit leh temperature inzawmna enfiah chhunzawm zel hi experiment-a thil pawimawh tak a ni. TGA instruments hian temperature, weight, leh parameter dang gas flow emaw sample temperature emaw te data an khawlkhawm thin. TGA experiment zawh hnuah data an khawlkhawmte chu an zirchiang a, temperature a zirin sample weight inthlak danglamna chu an zirchiang a ni. He information hi sample-a physical leh chemical inthlak danglamna nena inzawm temperature range hriat theihna atan a hlu hle a, chutah chuan melting, evaporation, oxidation, emaw decomposition ang chi process te pawh a tel a ni.
Tui hmanga siam drilling fluid hi API 13B-1 standard angin uluk taka siam a ni a, a specific composition chu Table 2-ah hian reference atan tarlan a ni. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) siam nan hian Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia atangin citric acid leh glycerol (99 USP) an lei a ni. Hei bakah hian shale inhibitor hmanlai potassium chloride (KCl) pawh Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia atangin an lei bawk. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) 98% aia thianghlim chu thlan a ni a, a chhan chu drilling fluid leh shale inhibition rheology tihchangtlunna kawngah nasa takin a nghawng a, hei hi zirchianna hmasaah pawh a dik tih finfiah a ni. NADES-a shale inhibition performance tehna atan hian KCl leh ([EMIM]Cl) pahnih hi comparative analysis-ah hman a ni ang.
Researcher tam tak chuan shale swelling zir chianna atan bentonite flakes hman an duh zawk a, a chhan chu bentonite hian shale swelling thlentu “montmorillonite” group ang chiah a nei a ni. Shale core sample tak tak hmuh chu thil harsa tak a ni a, a chhan chu coring process hian shale chu a ti nghet lo a, chu chuan sample chu shale pum pui ni lo mahse a tlangpuiin sandstone leh limestone layer inzawmkhawm a nei a ni. Tin, shale sample-ah hian shale swelling thlentu montmorillonite groups an tlachham tlangpui a, chuvangin swelling inhibition experiment atan pawh a tha lo.
He zirchiannaah hian reconstituted bentonite particles, diameter 2.54 cm vel kan hmang a. Granules te hi hydraulic press-ah sodium bentonite powder gram 11.5 1600 psi-a press-a siam a ni. Granules thickness chu linear dilatometer (LD)-a dah hmain dik takin an teh a. Chumi hnuah chuan particle te chu drilling fluid sample-ah an thun lut a, base sample leh shale swelling venna atana hman inhibitor inject sample te pawh a tel a ni. Chumi hnuah granule thickness inthlak danglamna chu LD hmangin uluk takin an enfiah a, darkar 24 chhung second 60 inkarah tehna an record a ni.
X-ray diffraction atanga a lan dan chuan bentonite composition, a bik takin a 47% montmorillonite component hi a geological characteristic hriatthiamna atana thil pawimawh tak a ni. Bentonite-a montmorillonite component zingah hian montmorillonite hi a component ber a ni a, component zawng zawng zinga 88.6% a ni. Hetihlai hian quartz hian 29% a luah a, illite hian 7% a luah a, carbonate hian 9% a luah bawk. A tlem ber (3.2% vel) chu illite leh montmorillonite inzawmkhawm a ni. Hei bakah hian trace elements Fe2O3 (4.7%), silver aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), leh phosphate (2.3%) te a pai bawk. Hei bakah hian Na2O (1.83%) leh iron silicate (2.17%) tlemte a awm a, hei hian bentonite-a constituent elements leh an proportion hrang hrangte chu a takin a hriat theih phah a ni.
He zirchianna zau tak section hian natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) hmanga siam, drilling fluid additive atana hman, concentration hrang hrang (1%, 3% leh 5%)-a drilling fluid sample-te rheological leh filtration property chipchiar takin a tarlang a ni. Chumi hnuah NADES based slurry sample te chu potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) leh ionic liquids atanga siam slurry sample te nen khaikhin a ni. He zirchiannaah hian key parameter engemaw zat cover a ni a, chung zingah chuan 100°C leh 150°C-a aging condition-a exposure hma leh exposure hnua FANN viscometer hmanga viscosity reading hmuh te pawh a tel. Rotation speed hrang hrang (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm leh 600 rpm)-ah tehna an la a, hei hian drilling fluid awm dan kimchang taka zirchian theihna a siamsak a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan data kan hmuhte chu yield point (YP) leh plastic viscosity (PV) ang chi key property te hriat theihna atan hman theih a ni a, hei hian condition hrang hrang hnuaia fluid performance chungchang hriatna a pe a ni. High pressure high temperature (HPHT) filtration test 400 psi leh 150°C (temperature sang well-a temperature pangngai)-ah hian filtration performance (cake thickness leh filtrate volume) a hriat theih.
He section hian kan tui hmanga drilling fluid-te shale swelling inhibition property uluk taka zirchian nan hmanraw thar ber ber, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600) a hmang a ni. LSM hi machine thar ber ber a ni a, component pahnih a awm a, chungte chu plate compactor leh linear dilatometer (model: M4600) te an ni. Bentonite plate te chu Grace Core/Plate Compactor hmangin analysis atan an siam a. Chumi hnuah LSM chuan heng plate-a swelling data nghal a pe a, chu chuan shale-a swelling inhibition property kimchang taka zirchian theihna a siamsak a ni. Shale expansion test hi ambient condition, chu chu 25°C leh 1 psia hnuaiah an ti a.
Shale stability testing-ah hian key test a awm a, chu chu shale recovery test, shale dip test emaw shale dispersion test tia sawi fo a ni. He evaluation tan nan hian shale cuttings te chu #6 BSS screen-ah then hran a ni a, chutah chuan #10 screen-ah dah a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan cuttings te chu holding tank-ah dah a ni a, chutah chuan base fluid leh drilling mud NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent) awmna nen an pawlh a ni. A dawt leh tur chu oven-ah dahin, hot rolling process nasa tak atan dah a ni a, cuttings leh mud te chu uluk taka inhmeh vek tur a ni. Darkar 16 hnuah chuan shale chu a chhe vek theih nan pulp atang hian cuttings te chu lakchhuah a ni a, chu chuan cuttings weight a tihhniam phah a ni. Shale recovery test hi shale cuttings te chu drilling mud-a 150°C leh 1000 psi-a dah a nih hnuah neih a ni. darkar 24 chhungin inch a ni.
Shale mud lo harh chhuah dan teh nan screen fin zawk (40 mesh) hmangin kan filter a, chutah tuiin uluk takin kan silfai a, a tawpah chuan oven-ah kan vawt ta a ni. Hetiang tih dan hahthlak tak hian mud lakchhuah chu a rit zawng nen khaikhin chuan kan chhut thei a, a tawpah chuan shale mud hlawhtling taka lakchhuah percentage chu kan chhut thei a ni. Shale sample lakchhuahna hmun hi Niah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia atanga lak a ni. Dispersion leh recovery test neih hma hian shale sample te hi X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis uluk tak an nei a, an clay composition chu quantified a ni a, testing atana an tling em tih an finfiah bawk. Sample-a leilung mineral awm dan chu hetiang hi a ni: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, leh mica 19%.
Surface tension hi capillary action hmanga shale micropores chhunga tui cations luh dan control tu pawimawh tak a ni a, hei hi he section-ah hian chipchiar takin kan zir dawn a ni. He paper hian drilling fluid-te cohesive property-a surface tension chanvo a zirchiang a, drilling process-a a nghawng pawimawh tak, a bik takin shale inhibition-a a nghawng pawimawhzia a tarlang a ni. Drilling fluid sample-a surface tension dik taka tehna atan interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) kan hmang a, hei hian shale inhibition context-a fluid behavior pawimawh tak a pholang a ni.
He section hian d-layer spacing chungchang chipchiar takin a sawi a, chu chu aluminosilicate layer leh clays-a aluminosilicate layer pakhat inkar interlayer distance a ni. Analysis hian wet mud sample 1%, 3% leh 5% CA NADES awmna te, chubakah 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl leh 3% CC:urea based DES te chu tehkhin nan a huam a ni. State-of-the-art benchtop X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser), Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å) hmanga 40 mA leh 45 kV-a thawk chuan wet leh dry Na-Bt sample-a X-ray diffraction peaks record-naah hmun pawimawh tak a chang a ni. Bragg equation hmanna hmang hian d-layer spacing dik taka hriat theih a ni a, chu chuan leilung awm dan chungchangah thu hlu tak a pe thei a ni.
He section hian zeta potential dik taka tehna atan Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument hmasawn tak a hmang a ni. He evaluation hian dilute mud sample 1%, 3%, leh 5% CA NADES awmna charge characteristic chungchangah information hlu tak a pe a, chubakah 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, leh 3% CC:urea-based DES te chu comparative analysis atan a pe bawk. Heng result te hian colloidal compound te stability leh fluid-a an inzawmna kan hriatthiamna a tipung a ni.
Clay sample te hi natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) nena an inhriat hma leh an inhriat hnuah Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) hmangin energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) hmanga thuam hmangin an enfiah a ni. Imaging resolution chu 500 nm a ni a, electron beam energy chu 30 kV leh 50 kV a ni. FESEM hian leilung sample te surface morphology leh structural features te chu high-resolution visualization a pe a ni. He zirchianna hian a tum ber chu NADES-in leilung sample-a nghawng a neih dan tur hriatna chu exposure hma leh exposure hnua image hmuhte khaikhin a ni.
He zirchiannaah hian field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technology hmangin NADES hian leilung sample-a microscopic level-a nghawng a neih dan an zirchiang a ni. He zirchianna hian NADES hman theih dan tur leh leilung pianphung leh particle size average-a a nghawng dan hriat chian a tum a, hei hian he field-a zirchianna atan thu hlu tak a pe ang.
He zirchiannaah hian experimental condition hrang hranga mean percent error (AMPE) variability leh uncertainty hmuh theiha tarlanna atan error bars hman a ni. AMPE value pakhat zel plot ai chuan (AMPE value plot hian trend a ti thim thei a, variation tenau te a tizual thei a ni) 5% rule hmangin error bar kan chhut thin. Hetiang approach hian error bar tin hian 95% confidence interval leh AMPE value 100% tlak beiseina interval a entir tih a tichiang a, chu chuan experimental condition tin atana data distribution summary chiang zawk leh thui zawk a pe a ni. Chutiang chuan 5% rule hmanga error bar hman hian graphical representation-te hrilhfiah theihna leh rintlakna a tipung a, result leh a awmzia chipchiar zawka hriatthiamna a pe bawk.
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) siamnaah hian in-house preparation process-ah hian key parameter engemawzat uluk takin zirchian a ni. Heng thil pawimawh tak takte hi temperature, molar ratio, leh mixing speed te hi a ni. Kan experiment-ah chuan HBA (citric acid) leh HBD (glycerol) te hi 50°C-a molar ratio 1:4-a an inhmeh chuan eutectic mixture a lo awm tih kan hmu a. Eutectic mixture danglamna chu a lan dan (transparent, homogeneous appearance) leh sediment awm lohna hi a ni. Chutiang chuan, he key step hian molar ratio, temperature, leh mixing speed pawimawhzia a tarlang a, chung zingah chuan molar ratio hi DES leh NADES siamnaah nghawng nei lian ber a ni a, Figure 2-a kan hmuh ang hian.
Refractive index (n) hian vacuum-a light speed leh second, denser medium-a light speed ratio a tarlang a ni. Biosensors ang chi optically sensitive application ngaihtuah hian natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) tan chuan refractive index hi a ngaihnawm hle. NADES zirchian tawhte refractive index chu 25 °C-ah 1.452 a ni a, hei hi glycerol aiin ngaihnawm takin a hniam zawk a ni.
Hriat tur chu NADES refractive index hi temperature nen a tlahniam a, he trend hi formula (1) leh Figure 3 hmangin dik takin kan sawi thei a, absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) chu 0% a tling a ni. Hetiang temperature-a innghat thiltih hi temperature sang takah viscosity leh density tlahniam vang a ni a, chu chuan light chu medium chhungah speed sang zawkin a kal a, chu chuan refractive index (n) value a tihhniam phah a ni. Heng result te hian optical sensing-a NADES hman dan tur ruahmanna hlu tak a pe a, biosensor hmanna atana an theihna a tarlang a ni.
Surface tension, liquid surface-in a area tihtlem duhna a lantir hi capillary pressure-based application atana natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) hman tangkai dan tehnaah a pawimawh hle. 25–60 °C temperature range-a surface tension zirchianna chuan thu hlu tak a pe a ni. 25 °C-ah chuan citric acid-based NADES surface tension chu 55.42 mN/m a ni a, hei hi tui leh glycerol aiin a hniam zawk hle. Figure 4-ah hian temperature a san chuan surface tension chu nasa takin a tlahniam tih kan hmu a. He thil thleng hi molecular kinetic energy tihpun leh a hnu lama intermolecular attractive force tlahniam avanga sawifiah theih a ni.
NADES zirchian tawha surface tension linear decreasing trend hmuh chu equation (2) hmangin a chiang hle a, hei hian temperature range 25–60 °C-a basic mathematical relationship a entir a ni. Figure 4-a graph hian temperature nena surface tension trend chiang takin a tarlang a, absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) 1.4% a nei a, hei hian reported surface tension value-te dikna a quantified a ni. Heng result te hian NADES thiltih dan leh a hman theih dan hriatthiamna atan thil pawimawh tak a nei a ni.
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) density dynamics hriatthiam hi scientific study tam takah an hman awlsam nan a pawimawh hle. Citric acid-based NADES 25°C-a density chu 1.361 g/cm3 a ni a, hei hi parent glycerol density aiin a sang zawk a ni. He danglamna hi glycerol-ah hydrogen bond acceptor (citric acid) dah tel a nih avangin sawifiah theih a ni.
Citrate-based NADES entirnan la ila, a density chu 60°C-ah 1.19 g/cm3-ah a tlahniam a ni. Heating-a kinetic energy a pun hian NADES molecule te chu a ti darh a, chu chuan volume lian zawk a luah a, chu chuan density a tihhniam phah a ni. Density tlahniam hmuhchhuah hian temperature tihsan nen linear correlation engemaw zat a nei a, chu chu formula (3) hmangin dik takin a tarlang thei a ni. Figure 5-ah hian NADES density inthlak danglamna ziarangte hi graphic-in absolute mean percentage error (AMPE) 1.12% nen a lang a, hei hian report-a density value-te dikna quantitative measure a pe a ni.
Viscosity hi liquid in motion layer hrang hrang inkara attractive force a ni a, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) hman dan hrang hranga hman theih dan hriatthiamna kawngah a pawimawh hle. 25 °C-ah chuan NADES viscosity chu 951 cP a ni a, hei hi glycerol aiin a sang zawk a ni.
Temperature sang chho zel nena viscosity tlahniam hmuhchhuah hi intermolecular attractive force chak lo vang a ni ber. He thil thleng hian fluid viscosity a tihhniam phah a, hei hi Figure 6-ah chiang takin a lang a, Equation (4) hmangin quantified a ni. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu 60°C-ah chuan viscosity chu 898 cP-ah a tlahniam a, overall mean percent error (AMPE) chu 1.4% a ni. NADES-a viscosity versus temperature dependence chungchang chipchiar taka hriatthiam hi a hman tangkai theih nan a pawimawh hle.
Hydrogen ion concentration negative logarithm hmanga solution pH hi a pawimawh hle a, a bik takin DNA synthesis ang chi pH-sensitive application-ah chuan NADES pH hi hman hmain uluk taka zirchian a ngai a ni. Citric acid-based NADES hi entirnan la ila, distinctly acidic pH 1.91 hmuh tur a awm a, hei hi glycerol relatively neutral pH nen a danglam hle.
Ngaihven awm tak chu natural citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) pH hian temperature sang chho zel nen non-linear decreasing trend a lantir a ni. He thil thleng hi solution chhunga H+ balance tibuaitu molecular vibrations pung vang a ni a, chu chuan [H]+ ion a siam a, chu chuan pH value a tidanglam a ni. Citric acid natural pH chu 3 atanga 5 inkar a nih laiin, glycerol-a acidic hydrogen awm hian pH chu 1.91 ah a tihhniam belh leh a ni.
Citrate-based NADES temperature range 25–60 °C-a pH awm dan chu equation (5) hmangin dik takin kan entir thei a, hei hian pH trend hmuhchhuah chu mathematical expression a pe a ni. Figure 7 hian he inzawmna ngaihnawm tak hi graphic-in a tarlang a, NADES pH-a temperature-in nghawng a neih dan a tarlang a, hei hi AMPE tan chuan 1.4% a nih thu an sawi.
Natural citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) chu room temperature atanga 500 °C thlenga temperature range-ah systematic takin an ti a. Figure 8a leh b atanga kan hmuh angin, a tir lama 100 °C thlenga mass hloh chhan ber chu tui hip leh citric acid leh glycerol thianghlim nena inzawm hydration tui vang a ni. 180 °C thlenga 88% vel mass retention nasa tak hmuh a ni a, hei hi a chhan ber chu citric acid chu aconitic acid-ah a insiam a, a hnua a lum leh hunah methylmaleic anhydride(III) a lo awm vang a ni (Figure 8 b). 180 °C aia sangah chuan glycerol-ah acrolein (acrylaldehyde) a lang chiang hle bawk a, hei hi Figure 8b37-a kan hmuh ang hian a ni.
Glycerol thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) hmangin mass loss process hi stage hnih a awm tih hmuhchhuah a ni. A bul tanna (180 atanga 220 °C) ah chuan acrolein a lo piang a, chu chu 230 atanga 300 °C temperature sang takah chuan mass hloh nasa tak a awm a (Figure 8a). Temperature a san chuan acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane leh hydrogen te chu a inzawm zel a. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu 300 °C-ah mass 28% chauh a awm a, hei hian NADES 8(a)38,39-a intrinsic property te chu a chhiat theih thu a tilang a ni.
Chemical bonds thar siam dan tur hriat duh chuan natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) suspension siam tharte chu Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) hmangin an zirchiang a. AnaDES suspension spectrum leh pure citric acid (CA) leh glycerol (Gly) spectrum te khaikhin a, analysis hi an ti a ni. CA spectrum-ah hian 1752 1/cm leh 1673 1/cm-ah peak chiang tak tak a awm a, hei hian C=O bond-a stretching vibrations a entir a, CA-a mizia pawh a ni. Chu bakah, fingerprint region-ah OH bending vibration 1360 1/cm-a inthlak danglamna nasa tak hmuh a ni a, hei hi Figure 9-a kan hmuh ang hian a ni.
Chutiang bawkin glycerol chungchangah pawh OH stretching leh bending vibrations inthlak danglamna chu wavenumber 3291 1/cm leh 1414 1/cm-ah hmuh a ni. Tunah chuan as-prepared NADES spectrum thlirletna hmangin spectrum-ah hian inthlak danglamna nasa tak a awm tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Figure 7 a kan hmuh angin C=O bond stretching vibration chu 1752 1/cm atanga 1720 1/cm ah a inthlak a, glycerol -OH bond bending vibration chu 1414 1/cm atanga 1359 1/cm ah a inthlak bawk. Heng wavenumber inthlak danglamna hian electronegativity inthlak danglamna a tarlang a, hei hian NADES structure-a chemical bonds thar siam a nih thu a tarlang a ni.