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He zirchianna hian discontinuous cooling crystallization hnuaia nickel sulfate hexahydrate thanna mechanism leh performance-a NH4+ bawlhhlawh leh chi ratio-in nghawng a neih dan a zirchiang a, NH4+ bawlhhlawh hian nickel sulfate hexahydrate than dan, thermal property leh functional group-a nghawng a neih dan a zirchiang bawk. Impurity concentration hniam takah chuan Ni2+ leh NH4+ ion te hian SO42− nen binding atan an inel a, chu chuan crystal yield leh growth rate a tihhniam bakah crystallization activation energy a tisang bawk. Impurity concentration sang takah chuan NH4+ ions chu crystal structure-ah dahin complex salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O a siam a ni. Complex salt siam chhuah hian crystal yield leh growth rate a tisang a, crystallization activation energy a tlahniam bawk. NH4+ ion concentration sang leh hniam awmna hian lattice distortion a thlen a, crystal te hi 80 °C thlenga temperature-ah chuan thermally stable an ni. Tin, NH4+ bawlhhlawh hian crystal growth mechanism a nghawng dan chu seed ratio aiin a nasa zawk a ni. Thianghlim concentration a hniam chuan bawlhhlawh chu crystal-ah a inzawm awlsam a; concentration a san chuan bawlhhlawh chu crystal-ah a lut awlsam hle. Seed ratio hian crystal yield nasa takin a tipung thei a, crystal thianghlimna pawh tlem a tisang thei bawk.
Tunah chuan Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO4 6H2O) hi industry hrang hranga hman tur thil pawimawh tak a ni tawh a, battery siamna, electroplating, catalyst, leh ei tur, oil leh rimtui siamnaah pawh hman a ni tawh. 1,2,3 Nickel-based lithium-ion (LiB) battery-a innghat nasa electric lirthei siam chak tak a nih avangin a pawimawhna a sang chho zel a ni. NCM 811 ang chi high-nickel alloy hman hi kum 2030-ah chuan a thunun theih beisei a ni a, hei hian nickel sulfate hexahydrate mamawhna a tipung lehzual dawn a ni. Mahse, resource tlakchham vangin production hian demand sang zel nen a inmil lo thei a, supply leh demand inkarah inthlauhna a siam thei a ni. He tlakchhamna hian resource awm leh man nghet chungchangah ngaihtuahna a siam a, battery-grade nickel sulfate thianghlim tak, nghet tak siam chhuah a tulzia a tilang chiang hle. 1,4 a ni
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate siam chhuah hi a tlangpuiin crystallization hmanga tih theih a ni. Thil tih dan hrang hrang zingah hian cooling method hi hman lar tak a ni a, a thatna chu energy hman tlem leh high-purity material siam chhuah theihna a ni. 5,6 Discontinuous cooling crystallization hmanga nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystallization chungchanga zirchianna chuan hmasawnna nasa tak a nei a. Tunah hian zirchianna tam zawk chuan crystallization process tihchangtlun hi a ngaih pawimawh ber a, chu chu temperature, cooling rate, seed size leh pH te ang chi parameters te optimize a ni. 7,8,9 A tum ber chu crystal yield tihpun leh crystal hmuh chhuah thianghlimna tihpun a ni. Mahse, heng parameter te hi uluk taka zirchian a nih hnuah pawh crystallization result-a bawlhhlawh, a bik takin ammonium (NH4+)-in nghawng a neih dan ngaihvennaah hian inthlauhna lian tak a la awm a ni.
Nickel crystallization atana hman nickel solution-ah hian ammonium bawlhhlawh a awm a rinawm a, hei hi extraction process-a ammonium bawlhhlawh a awm vang a ni. Ammonia hi saponifying agent atan hman a ni tlangpui a, hei hian nickel solution-ah NH4+ tlemte a hnutchhiah a ni. 10,11,12 Ammonium bawlhhlawh hi hmun tinah awm mah se, crystal property, crystal structure, growth mechanism, thermal property, thianghlimna, etc.-a a nghawng dan hi hriat chian a la ni lo. An nghawng chungchanga zirchianna tlemte hi a pawimawh a, a chhan chu bawlhhlawh hian crystal thanna a tikhawlo thei emaw, a tidanglam thei emaw a, a then phei chuan inhibitor angin a thawk a, metastable leh stable crystalline form inkara inthlak danglamna a nghawng thei a ni. 13,14 Chuvangin heng nghawngte hriatthiam hi industrial lam atanga thlir chuan a pawimawh hle a, a chhan chu bawlhhlawh hian thil siam quality a tichhe thei a ni.
Zawhna bik pakhat atanga chhut chuan he zirchianna hian ammonium bawlhhlawh hian nickel crystals property a nghawng dan zirchian a tum a ni. Thil bawlhhlawhte nghawng hriatthiamna hmang hian an nghawng tha lo control leh tihtlem nan hmanraw thar siam theih a ni. He zirchianna hian bawlhhlawh concentration leh seed ratio inthlak danglamna inzawmna a zirchiang bawk. Thlai chi hi a siam chhuah danah hman lar tak a nih avangin he zirchiannaah hian thlai chi parameters hman a ni a, heng thil pahnih inzawmna hi hriatthiam a pawimawh hle. 15 Heng parameter pahnih nghawng hi crystal yield, crystal growth mechanism, crystal structure, morphology leh thianghlimna zir chianna atan hman a ni. Chu bakah, NH4+ bawlhhlawh chauh nghawng hnuaia crystal-te kinetic behavior, thermal properties leh functional groups te pawh zirchian belh a ni bawk.
He zirchiannaa hmanraw hmante chu GEM-in a pek nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO 6H2O, ≥ 99.8%) a ni a; ammonium sulfate ((NH)SO, ≥ 99%) chu Tianjin Huasheng Co., Ltd. atanga lei a ni a; tui distilled a ni. Seed crystal hman chu NiSO 6H2O a ni a, crushed leh sieved a ni a, uniform particle size 0.154 mm a ni. NiSO 6H2O ziarang chu Table 1 leh Figure 1-ah hian tarlan a ni.
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystallization-a NH4+ bawlhhlawh leh chi ratio-in nghawng a neih dan chu intermittent cooling hmangin an zirchiang a. Experiment zawng zawng hi a tir lama temperature 25 °C-ah an ti vek a ni. Filtration laiin temperature control-na tihkhawtlai dan ngaihtuah chungin crystallization temperature atan 25 °C thlan a ni. Crystallization hi temperature hniam tak Buchner funnel hmanga solution lum filtration-a temperature inthlak danglam nghal vangin a awm thei a ni. Hetiang kalphung hian kinetics, impurity uptake, leh crystal property hrang hrangte nasa takin a nghawng thei a ni.
Nickel solution chu NiSO4 6H2O 224 g chu 200 ml distilled water-ah a hmin hmasa ber a ni. Concentration thlan chu supersaturation (S) = 1.109 nen a inmil a ni. Supersaturation chu dissolved nickel sulfate crystals solubility leh 25 °C-a nickel sulfate hexahydrate solubility tehkhin a ni. Supersaturation hniam zawk hi a tir lama temperature tihhniam a nih chuan spontaneous crystallization awm loh nan thlan a ni.
NH4+ ion concentration hian crystallization process a nghawng dan chu nickel solution-ah (NH4)2SO4 dahin an zirchiang a. He zirchiannaa NH4+ ion concentration hman chu 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, leh 5 g/L a ni. Solution chu 60 °C ah 30 min chhung dah a ni a, 300 rpm ah stir a ni a, uniform mixing a awm theih nan. Chumi hnuah chuan solution chu duhthusam reaction temperature thlengin a lum ta a ni. Temperature 25 °C a thlen chuan thlai chi crystal (seed ratio 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, leh 2%) zat hrang hrang chu solution-ah hian dah a ni. Thlai ratio chu a rit zawng leh a solution-a NiSO4 6H2O rit zawng tehkhin a ni.
Seed crystals te chu solution-ah kan dah hnuah crystallization process chu natural takin a thleng ta a ni. Crystallization process hi minute 30 chhung a ni. Chu solution chu filter press hmangin filter a ni a, chu chuan solution atanga crystal awmkhawmte chu a inthen lehzual a ni. Filtration process chhung hian crystal te chu recrystallization awm theihna tur leh solution chhunga bawlhhlawh awmte crystals chunglam a adhesion tlem theih nan ethanol hmangin silfai fo thin a ni. Crystal te silfai nan Ethanol thlan a ni a, a chhan chu crystal te hi ethanol ah a insoluble lo a ni. Filter crystal te chu laboratory incubator-ah 50 °C-ah dah a ni. He zirchiannaa experimental parameter hman chipchiar tak takte chu Table 2-ah hian tarlan a ni.
Crystal structure chu XRD instrument (SmartLab SE—HyPix-400) hmangin an chhut a, NH4+ compound awm leh awm loh an hmuchhuak a ni. Crystal morphology enfiah nan SEM characterization (Apreo 2 HiVac) an hmang a. Crystals te thermal property te chu TGA instrument (TG-209-F1 Libra) hmangin an chhut a. Functional group te chu FTIR (JASCO-FT/IR-4X) hmangin an zirchiang a. Sample thianghlimna chu ICP-MS instrument (Prodigy DC Arc) hmangin an chhut a ni. Sample chu crystal 0.5 g chu distilled water 100 mL-ah hmin a ni. Crystallization yield (x) chu formula (1) angin output crystal mass chu input crystal mass nen then a ni.
chutah chuan x chu crystal yield a ni a, 0 atanga 1 thleng a danglam a, mout chu output crystal rit zawng (g), min chu input crystal rit zawng (g), msol chu solution-a crystal rit zawng a ni a, mseed chu seed crystal rit zawng a ni.
Crystallization yield chu zirchian belh a ni a, crystal growth kinetics hriat chian leh activation energy value estimate a ni. He zirchianna hi seeding ratio 2% hmanga tih a ni a, a hmaa experimental procedure ang bawka tih a ni. Isothermal crystallization kinetics parameters chu crystallization time hrang hrang (10, 20, 30, leh 40 min) leh initial temperature (25, 30, 35, leh 40 °C)-a crystal yield tehna hmangin an chhut a ni. A tir lama temperature-a concentration thlan te chu supersaturation (S) value 1.109, 1.052, 1, leh 0.953 te nen a inmil a ni. Supersaturation value chu dissolved nickel sulfate crystals solubility leh nickel sulfate hexahydrate solubility initial temperature-a solubility tehkhin a ni. He zirchiannaah hian NiSO4 6H2O chu tui 200 mL-a temperature hrang hranga bawlhhlawh awm lohnaah a inthiar theih dan chu Figure 2-ah hian tarlan a ni.
Johnson-Mail-Avrami (JMA theory) hmangin isothermal crystallization awm dan an zirchiang a. JMA theory hi thlan a nih chhan chu solution-a seed crystal dah a nih hma chuan crystallization process a awm loh vang a ni. JMA theory chu hetiang hian sawi a ni.
X(t) hian hun t-a inthlak danglamna a entir a, k hian inthlak danglamna rate constant a entir a, t hian inthlak hun a entir a, n hian Avrami index a entir bawk. Formula 3 hi formula (2) atanga lak chhuah a ni. Crystallization activation energy chu Arrhenius equation hmangin kan chhut a:
kg chu reaction rate constant a ni a, k0 chu constant a ni a, Eg chu crystal thanna activation energy a ni a, R chu molar gas constant a ni (R=8.314 J/mol K), T chu isothermal crystallization temperature (K) a ni.
Figure 3a atang hian seeding ratio leh dopant concentration hian nickel crystals yield ah nghawng a nei tih kan hmu a. Solution-a dopant concentration 2.5 g/L-a a san chuan crystal yield chu 7.77% atanga 6.48% (seed ratio 0.5%) ah a tlahniam a, 10.89% atanga 10.32% (seed ratio 2%) ah a tlahniam bawk. Dopant concentration tihpun belh zel chuan crystal yield pawh a inmil hle. Seeding ratio 2% leh dopant concentration 5 g/L a nih laiin yield sang ber chu 17.98% a ni. Dopant concentration a san chhoh ruala crystal yield pattern inthlak danglamna hi crystal growth mechanism inthlak danglamna nen a inzawm thei a ni. Dopant concentration a hniam chuan Ni2+ leh NH4+ ion te chu SO42− nena inzawmna nei turin an inel a, hei hian solution-a nickel solubility a tipung a, crystal yield a tihhniam bawk. 14 bawlhhlawh concentration a san chuan inelna kalphung chu a la awm reng a, mahse NH4+ ion thenkhat chuan nickel leh sulfate ion te nen an inzawm khawm a, nickel ammonium sulfate double salt an siam a ni. 16 Double salt siam hian solute solubility a tihhniam a, chu chuan crystal yield a tipung a ni. Seeding ratio tihpun hian crystal yield a ti sang zel thei a ni. Thlai hian nucleation process leh spontaneous crystal growth a ti tan thei a, chu chu solute ion te tan initial surface area siamin crystal an insiam a, an siam thei a ni. Seeding ratio a san chuan ion inrelbawlna tur initial surface area a pung a, chuvangin crystal tam zawk a lo piang thei a ni. Chuvangin, seeding ratio tihsan hian crystal growth rate leh crystal yield-ah direct effect a nei a ni. 17. A rilru a hah lutuk
NiSO4 6H2O parameters: (a) crystal yield leh (b) inoculation hma leh inoculation hnua nickel solution pH.
Figure 3b-ah hian thlai chi ratio leh dopant concentration hian thlai chi dah hma leh dah hnua nickel solution pH a nghawng tih a lang. Solution pH enfiahna chhan chu solution chhunga chemical equilibrium inthlak danglamna hriatthiam a ni. Seed crystals te dah hmain solution pH hi a tlahniam duh hle a, hei hi H+ protons chhuahtu NH4+ ion awm vang a ni. Dopant concentration tihpun hian H+ proton tam zawk a chhuak a, chu chuan solution pH a tihhniam phah a ni. Seed crystals te kan dah hnuah solution zawng zawng pH a sang chho vek a. pH trend hi crystal yield trend nen hian a inzawm tha hle. pH value hniam ber chu dopant concentration 2.5 g/L leh seed ratio 0.5% a ni. Dopant concentration 5 g/L a san chuan solution pH a sang chho zel a ni. He thil thleng hi hriatthiam theih tak a ni a, a chhan chu solution-a NH4+ ion awm zat hi a tlahniam vang emaw, a tel vang emaw, a nih loh leh crystal-in NH4+ ion a lakluh leh a luh vang emaw a tlahniam a ni.
Crystal yield experiment leh analysis te chu crystal thanna kinetic behavior hriat nan leh crystal thanna activation energy chhut nan an nei leh a. Isothermal crystallization kinetics parameters te chu Methods section ah hian sawifiah a ni. Figure 4-ah hian Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) plot kan hmu a, hei hian nickel sulfate crystal thanna kinetic behavior a tarlang a ni. Plot chu ln[− ln(1− x(t))] value chu ln t value nen plot-in siam a ni (Equation 3). Plot atanga gradient value kan hmuh te hi JMA index (n) value te nen a inmil a, chu chuan crystal lo thang lian zel dimension leh a than chhoh dan a tarlang a ni. Cutoff value hian growth rate a tarlang a, chu chu constant ln k hmanga entir a ni. JMA index (n) value hi 0.35 atanga 0.75 inkar a ni. He n value hian crystal te hian one-dimensional growth an nei tih a tarlang a, diffusion-controlled growth mechanism an zawm tih a tarlang a; 0 < n < 1 hian one-dimensional growth a kawk a, n < 1 hian diffusion-controlled growth mechanism a kawk thung. 18 Constant k growth rate chu temperature sang chho zelin a tlahniam a, hei hian temperature hniam zawkah crystallization process a thleng rang zawk tih a tilang a ni. Hei hi temperature hniam zawka solution supersaturation tihpun nen a inzawm a ni.
Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) chuan crystallization temperature hrang hrangah nickel sulfate hexahydrate plot a siam a: (a) 25 °C, (b) 30 °C, (c) 35 °C leh (d) 40 °C.
Dopants dah belh hian temperature zawng zawngah growth rate inang chiah chiah a lantir a ni. Dopant concentration 2.5 g/L a nih chuan crystal growth rate a tlahniam a, dopant concentration 2.5 g/L aia tam a nih chuan crystal growth rate a sang chho bawk. Sawi tawh ang khan crystal growth rate pattern inthlak danglamna hi solution chhunga ion inkara inzawmna mechanism inthlak vang a ni. Dopant concentration a hniam chuan solution chhunga ion inkara inelna hian solute chu a solubility a ti sang a, chu chuan crystal growth rate a ti tlahniam a ni. 14 Chu bâkah, dopant tam tak dah belh a nih chuan a ṭhan chhoh dân chu nasa takin a danglam a ni. Dopant concentration 3.75 g/L aia tam a nih chuan crystal nuclei thar a lo piang leh a, chu chuan solute solubility a tihhniam a, chu chuan crystal growth rate a tisang a ni. Crystal nuclei thar siam dan hi double salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O siam atang hian kan hmu thei a ni. 16 Crystal than dan sawiho hian X-ray diffraction result chuan double salt a lo awm tih a nemnghet a.
Crystallization activation energy hriat nan JMA plot function chu an zirchiang leh a. Activation energy chu Arrhenius equation (Equation (4)-a kan hmuh) hmangin chhut a ni. Figure 5a-ah hian ln(kg) value leh 1/T value inzawmna kan hmu a. Tichuan, plot atanga gradient value hmuh hmangin activation energy chu chhut a ni. Figure 5b-ah hian bawlhhlawh concentration hrang hrang hnuaia crystallization activation energy value te tarlan a ni. Results atanga a lan dan chuan impurity concentration inthlak danglamna hian activation energy a nghawng a ni. Nickel sulfate crystal bawlhhlawh awm lo crystallization-a activation energy chu 215.79 kJ/mol a ni. Impurity concentration 2.5 g/L a thlen chuan activation energy chu 3.99% in a pung a, 224.42 kJ/mol a ni. Activation energy a san hian crystallization process-a energy barrier a sang tih a tilang a, hei hian crystal growth rate leh crystal yield a tihhniam phah dawn a ni. Impurity concentration 2.5 g/L aia tam a nih chuan crystallization activation energy chu nasa takin a tlahniam a ni. Impurity concentration 5 g/l-ah chuan activation energy chu 205.85 kJ/mol a ni a, hei hi impurity concentration 2.5 g/l-a activation energy aiin 8.27% in a hniam zawk a ni. Activation energy tlahniam hian crystallization process a awlsam tih a tilang a, hei hian crystal growth rate leh crystal yield a tisang a ni.
(a) ln(kg) leh 1/T plot fitting leh (b) activation energy Eg bawlhhlawh concentration hrang hranga crystallization.
Crystal growth mechanism chu XRD leh FTIR spectroscopy hmangin an zirchiang a, crystal growth kinetics leh activation energy te an zirchiang bawk. Figure 6-ah hian XRD result kan hmu a. Data hi PDF #08–0470 nen a inmil a, hei hian α-NiSO4 6H2O (red silica) a nih thu a tarlang. Crystal hi tetragonal system a mi a ni a, space group chu P41212 a ni a, unit cell parameter chu a = b = 6.782 Å, c = 18.28 Å, α = β = γ = 90° a ni a, volume chu 840.8 Å3 a ni. Heng result te hi a hmaa Manomenova et al. 19 NH4+ ion rawn luh hian (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O a siam bawk. Data hi PDF No. 31–0062 a ni. Crystal hi monoclinic system, space group P21/a-a mi a ni a, unit cell parameters chu a = 9.186 Å, b = 12.468 Å, c = 6.242 Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 106.93°, leh volume chu 684 Å3 a ni. Heng result te hi Su et al.20 te zirchianna hmasa nen a inmil hle.
Nickel sulfate crystal-te X-ray diffraction pattern: (a–b) 0.5%, (c–d) 1%, (e–f) 1.5%, leh (g–h) 2% chi ratio. Dinglam thlalak hi veilam thlalak lian zawka en a ni.
Figure 6b, d, f leh h-a kan hmuh angin, 2.5 g/L hi solution-a ammonium concentration limit sang ber a ni a, chi dang siam belh lovin. Impurity concentration 3.75 leh 5 g/L a nih chuan NH4+ ions chu crystal structure-ah dahin complex salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O a siam a ni. Data atanga a lan dan chuan complex salt peak intensity chu impurity concentration 3.75 atanga 5 g/L a san chuan a sang chho a, a bik takin 2θ 16.47° leh 17.44° ah a sang chho zel a ni. Complex salt peak a san chhan hi chemical equilibrium principle vang chauh a ni. Mahse, 2θ 16.47°-ah chuan peak pangngai lo thenkhat hmuh a ni a, hei hi crystal elastic deformation vang a ni thei. 21 Characterization result-ah pawh seeding ratio sang zawk chuan complex salt peak intensity a tlahniam tih a tarlang bawk. Seed ratio sang zawk chuan crystallization process a ti chak a, chu chuan solute chu nasa takin a tlahniam a ni. Chutiang a nih chuan crystal thanna chu thlaiah a innghat a, solution supersaturation tlahniam avangin phase thar siam a tikhawtlai a ni. Chumi danglamna chu seed ratio a hniam chuan crystallization process a slow a, solution supersaturation chu a sang hle a ni. Hetiang dinhmun hian a hmin tlem zawk double salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O nucleation awm theihna a tipung a ni. Double salt atana peak intensity data chu Table 3-ah hian tarlan a ni.
NH4+ ion awm avanga host lattice-a disorder emaw structural change emaw awm thei te zirchian nan FTIR characterization an ti a. Sample, seeding ratio 2% awm reng chu an characterize a. Figure 7-ah hian FTIR characterization result kan hmu a. 3444, 3257 leh 1647 cm−1-a broad peak hmuhchhuah te hi molecule-te O–H stretching mode vang a ni. 2370 leh 2078 cm−1-a peak-te hian tui molecule inkara intermolecular hydrogen bonds a entir a ni. 412 cm−1-a band awm hi Ni–O stretching vibrations vang a ni. Chu bakah, free SO4− ion te hian 450 (υ2), 630 (υ4), 986 (υ1) leh 1143 leh 1100 cm−1 (υ3) ah vibration mode lian pali an lantir bawk. Symbol υ1-υ4 hian vibrational modes property a entir a, υ1 hian non-degenerate mode (symmetric stretching) a entir a, υ2 hian doubly degenerate mode (symmetric bending) a entir a, υ3 leh υ4 hian triply degenerate mode (asymmetric stretching leh asymmetric bending, a hnuaia mi ang hian) a entir bawk. 22,23,24 Characterization result atanga a lan dan chuan ammonium bawlhhlawh awmna hian wavenumber 1143 cm-1 (figure-a circle sen hmanga chhinchhiah)-ah peak dang a pe a ni. 1143 cm-1-a peak additional hian NH4+ ion awmna hian, a concentration eng pawh ni se, lattice structure a tidanglam a, chu chuan crystal chhunga sulfate ion molecule-te vibration frequency a tidanglam tih a tilang a ni.
Crystal thanna leh activation energy kinetic behavior nena inzawm XRD leh FTIR result atanga chhut chuan Figure 8-ah hian NH4+ bawlhhlawh dah telna nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystallization process schematic tarlan a ni. Thil bawlhhlawh a awm loh chuan Ni2+ ion te chu H2O nen an inrem ang a, nickel hydrate [Ni(6H2O)]2− an siam ang. Tichuan, nickel hydrate chu a takin SO42− ion nen a inzawm khawm a, Ni(SO4)2 6H2O nuclei a siam a, nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystal-ah a lo thang lian ta a ni. Solution-ah ammonium bawlhhlawh concentration hniam zawk (2.5 g/L aia tlem) dah a nih chuan [Ni(6H2O)]2− chu SO42− ion nen inzawm kim a harsa a, a chhan chu [Ni(6H2O)]2− leh NH4+ ion te hian SO42− ion nena inzawm turin an inel a, mahse ion pahnih nena inrem thei tur sulfate ion a la awm tawk a ni. Hetiang dinhmun hian crystallization activation energy a tipung a, crystal growth a ti hniam bawk. 14,25 Nickel sulfate hexahydrate nuclei siam a, crystal-a an lo thanglian hnuah crystal chung lamah NH4+ leh (NH4)2SO4 ion tam tak an adsorb a. Hei hian NSH-8 leh NSH-12 sample-a SO4− ion (wavenumber 1143 cm−1) functional group chu doping process tel lovin a lo awm reng chhan a sawifiah a ni. Impurity concentration a san chuan NH4+ ions chu crystal structure-ah a lut tan a, double salt a siam ta a ni. 16 Hetiang thil hi solution-a SO42− ion awm loh vang a ni a, SO42− ion te hi ammonium ion aiin nickel hydrates-ah an inzawm rang zawk a ni. He mechanism hian double salt te nucleation leh growth a tichak a ni. Alloying process chhung hian Ni(SO4)2 6H2O leh (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O nuclei te chu a rualin an lo piang a, chu chuan nuclei hmuh zat a tipung a ni. Nuclei tam lutuk hian crystal than chakna a tipung a, activation energy a tlahniam bawk.
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate tuiah hmin a, ammonium sulfate tlem leh tam tak dah a, crystallization process kalpui a nih dan chemical reaction chu hetiang hian kan sawi thei ang:
SEM characterization result chu Figure 9-ah hian kan hmu a, characterization result atanga a lan dan chuan ammonium salt dah zat leh seeding ratio hian crystal shape a nghawng lian lo hle. Crystal siamte lian tham tak chu a awm reng a, mahse hmun thenkhatah chuan crystal lian zawk a lo lang thin. Mahse, ammonium salt concentration leh seeding ratio-in crystal siamte average size-a nghawng a neih dan hriat nan characterization dang neih belh a la ngai a ni.
NiSO4 6H2O crystal morphology: (a–e) 0.5%, (f–j) 1%, (h–o) 1.5% leh (p–u) 2% seed ratio hian NH4+ concentration chunglam atanga hnuai lam a inthlak dan a tarlang a, chu chu 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 leh 5 g/L a ni.
Figure 10a-ah hian bawlhhlawh concentration hrang hrang nei crystal-te TGA curve tarlan a ni. TGA analysis hi sample te hi seeding ratio 2% neiin an ti a ni. XRD analysis pawh NSH-20 sample-ah an ti a, compound siam tawhte chu an zirchiang bawk. Figure 10b-a XRD result kan hmuh hian crystal structure inthlak danglamna chu a nemnghet a ni. Thermogravimetric measurement atanga a lan dan chuan crystal siam zawng zawng hian 80°C thlenga thermal stability an nei vek a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan 200°C-a a lum chuan crystal weight chu 35%-in a tlahniam ta a ni. Crystals te rit tlahniam chhan hi decomposition process vang a ni a, chu chu tui molecule 5 hloh in NiSO4 H2O siam a ni. 300–400°C a a san chuan crystal te rit chu a tlahniam leh ta a ni. Crystals te weight loss chu 6.5% vel a ni a, NSH-20 crystal sample te weight loss chu a sang deuh a, 6.65% chiah a ni. NSH-20 sample-a NH4+ ion-te NH3 gas-a an inthen chuan reducibility a sang deuh hlek a ni. Temperature 300 atanga 400°C a san chuan crystal te rit chu a tlahniam a, chu chuan crystal zawng zawng hian NiSO4 structure an nei vek a ni. 700°C atanga 800°C a temperature tihsan chuan crystal structure chu NiO ah a inthlak a, SO2 leh O2 gas te a chhuak thin.25,26
Nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystals thianghlimna chu DC-Arc ICP-MS instrument hmanga NH4+ concentration tehna hmangin an chhut a ni. Nickel sulfate crystal thianghlimna chu formula (5) hmangin an chhut a.
Ma chu crystal chhunga bawlhhlawh awm zat (mg) a ni a, Mo chu crystal mass (mg) a ni a, Ca chu solution chhunga bawlhhlawh awm zat (mg/l) a ni a, V chu solution volume (l) a ni.
Figure 11-ah hian nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystal thianghlimna kan hmu a. Purity value chu characteristic 3 atanga average value a ni. Results atanga a lan dan chuan seeding ratio leh impurity concentration hian nickel sulfate crystal siam thianghlimna chu direct-in a nghawng a ni. Impurity concentration a san chuan bawlhhlawh chu a absorption nasa zawk a, chu chuan crystal siamte thianghlimna a ti hniam zawk a ni. Mahse, bawlhhlawh concentration a zirin bawlhhlawh absorption pattern chu a danglam thei a, result graph atanga a lan dan chuan crystals-in bawlhhlawh absorption pumpui chu a danglam vak lo. Tin, heng result te hian seeding ratio sang zawk chuan crystals thianghlimna a tisang thei tih a tarlang bawk. Hetiang thil thleng hi a awm theih chhan chu crystal nuclei siam tam zawk chu nickel nuclei-ah an inzawm khawm chuan nickel-a nickel ion awm khawm theihna a sang zawk a ni. 27. A rilru a hah lutuk
He zirchianna hian ammonium ions (NH4+) hian nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystals crystallization process leh crystalline property nasa takin a nghawng tih a tarlang a, seed ratio hian crystallization process a nghawng dan pawh a tarlang bawk.
Ammonium concentration 2.5 g/l aia tam a nih chuan crystal yield leh crystal growth rate a tlahniam a ni. Ammonium concentration 2.5 g/l aia tam a nih chuan crystal yield leh crystal growth rate a sang chho zel a ni.
Nickel solution-a bawlhhlawh dah belh hian SO42− atana NH4+ leh [Ni(6H2O)]2− ion te inelna a tipung a, hei hian activation energy a tipung a ni. Thil bawlhhlawh concentration sang tak dah hnua activation energy tlahniam chhan hi crystal structure-a NH4+ ion lut vang a ni a, chu chuan double salt (NH4)2Ni(SO4)2 6H2O a siam a ni.
Seeding ratio sang zawk hman hian nickel sulfate hexahydrate crystal yield, crystal growth rate leh crystal purity a ti tha thei a ni.
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