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Organ leh tissue te inthlak danglamna hian radiotherapy neih laiin X-ray awmna tur dik lo a thlen thei a ni. Chuvangin, radiotherapy optimization atan organ movement mimic turin tissue-equivalent mechanical leh radiological property nei materials a ngai a ni. Mahse, chutiang thil siam chhuah chu thil harsa tak a la ni reng a ni. Alginate hydrogels hian extracellular matrix nena inmil property a nei a, tissue-equivalent material anga beisei awm tak a ni. He zirchiannaah hian in situ Ca2+ release hmangin mechanical leh radiological property duhthusam nei alginate hydrogel foams an siam chhuak a. Air-to-volume ratio chu uluk takin control a ni a, hydrogel foams, mechanical leh radiological property tihfel tawhte hmuh theih a ni. Macro- leh micromorphology te chu an characterize a, compression hnuaia hydrogel foam te awm dan an zirchiang bawk. Radiological property te hi theoretically-in an estimate a, computed tomography hmangin experimental-in an verified a ni. He zirchianna hian radiotherapy neih chhunga radiation dose optimization leh quality control atana hman theih tur tissue-equivalent materials hmalam hun atana hmasawnna tur a tarlang a ni.
Radiation therapy hi cancer enkawlna atana hman tlanglawn tak a ni1. Organ leh tissue inthlak danglamna hian radiation therapy2 neih laiin X-ray awmna tur dik lo a thlen fo thin a, chu chuan tumor chu a enkawl tha lo thei a, a chhehvela cell hrisel te chu a tul lo taka radiation lakah a tam lutuk thei bawk. Tumor localization errors tih tlem nan organ leh tissue te kal dan tur hriat lawk theihna hi a pawimawh hle. He zirchianna hian lung lam a ngaihtuah ber a, a chhan chu radiation therapy an neih laiin damlote thawk chhuah hian deformation leh movement nasa tak an tawk thin a ni. Mihring lungphu kal dan simulate turin finite element model hrang hrang siam a ni a, hman a ni bawk3,4,5. Mahse, mihring taksa peng leh taksa peng hrang hrangte hian geometries complex tak tak an nei a, damlote chungah an innghat nasa hle. Chuvangin, tissue-equivalent property nei material te hi theoretical models validate turin physical model siam nan te, medical treatment tihchangtlun nan te, medical education atan te a tangkai hle a ni.
External leh internal structural geometries complex tak tak neih theihna tura soft tissue-mimicking materials siam chhuah hian ngaihven a hlawh hle a, a chhan chu an inherent mechanical inconsistencies hian target application-ah hlawhchhamna a thlen thei a ni Lung tissue-a complex biomechanics modeling, extreme softness, elasticity leh structural porosity te inzawmkhawm hian mihring lung dik taka siam chhuah thei tur model siamnaah harsatna lian tak a siam a ni. Therapeutic intervention-a lung model-te hnathawh thatna atan mechanical leh radiological property te inzawmkhawm leh inmil hi a pawimawh hle. Additive siamna hian damlo bik model siamna kawngah a hlawk hle tih a chiang a, hei hian design complex tak takte chu rang taka prototyping a siam thei a ni. Shin leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 8 chuan 3D-printed airways hmanga lung model reproducible, deformable an siam a. Haselaar leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 9 chuan radiotherapy atana image quality assessment leh position verification method atan damlo tak takte nen a inang hle phantom an siam a. Hong et al10 chuan 3D printing leh silicone casting technology hmangin chest CT model an siam a, chu chuan lung lesion hrang hrang CT intensity chu quantification dik leh dik loh tehna atan an siam chhuak leh a ni. Mahse, heng prototype te hi thil tha tak tak atanga siam a ni fo thin a, chu chu lung tissue te nen a effective property a danglam hle a ni11.
Tunah hian lung phantom tam zawk hi silicone emaw polyurethane foam emaw atanga siam a ni a, chu chu lung parenchyma tak tak mechanical leh radiological property nen a inmil lo hle.12,13 Alginate hydrogels hi biocompatible a ni a, tunable mechanical property a neih avangin tissue engineering-ah hman a ni nasa hle.14 Mahse, phantom siamna atana mamawh ultra-soft, foam ang chi consistency siam thar lehna lung tissue elasticity leh filling structure dik taka entawn thei chu experimental challenge a la ni reng.
He zirchiannaah hian lung tissue hi homogeneous elastic material a ni tih ngaihtuah a ni. Mihring lung tissue (\(\:\rho\:\)) density chu 1.06 g/cm3 niin an sawi a, inflated lung density chu 0.26 g/cm315 a ni. Experimental method hrang hrang hmangin lung tissue-a Young’s modulus (MY) value hrang hrang hmuh a ni tawh bawk. Lai-Fook leh a thawhpuiten an ziak a. 16 chuan mihring lung YM chu uniform inflation neiin 0.42–6.72 kPa a ni tih an teh a. Goss leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 17 chuan magnetic resonance elastography hmangin YM 2.17 kPa an nei tih an sawi. Liu leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 18 chuan direct-a teh YM chu 0.03–57.2 kPa a nih thu an sawi. Ilegbusi leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 19 chuan damlo thlan bikte hnen atanga 4D CT data an hmuh atanga YM chu 0.1–2.7 kPa a ni tih an chhut.
Lung-a radiological property atan chuan lung tissue-te X-ray nena an inzawmna awm dan sawifiahna atan parameter engemaw zat hman a ni a, chung zingah chuan elemental composition, electron density (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), effective atomic number (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), mean excitation energy (\(\:I\)), mass attenuation coefficient te pawh a tel (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) leh Hounsfield unit (HU), \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) nena inzawm tlat a ni.
Electron density \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) hi unit volume khata electron awm zat anga sawi a ni a, a hnuaia mi ang hian chhut a ni.
chutah chuan \(\:\rho\:\) chu g/cm3-a thil density a ni a, \(\:{N}_{A}\) chu Avogadro constant a ni a, \(\:{w}_{i}\) chu mass fraction a ni a, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) chu atom number a ni a, \(\:{A}_{i}\) chu element i-na atom rit a ni.
Atomic number hi thil chhunga radiation inzawmna awm dan nen a inzawm tlat a ni. Compound leh mixture element engemaw zat (eg, fabrics) nei tan chuan effective atomic number \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) chu chhut a ngai a ni. He formula hi Murthy leh a thawhpuiten an rawt a ni. 20-ah hian:
Average excitation energy \(\:I\) hian target material hian penetrating particles te kinetic energy chu awlsam taka a absorb dan a sawifiah a ni. Target material property chauh a sawi a, particle property nen pawh inzawmna a nei lo. \(\:I\) hi Bragg-a additivity rule hmanga chhut theih a ni:
Mass attenuation coefficient \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) hian target material chhunga photon te penetration leh energy release dan a sawifiah a. A hnuaia formula hmang hian chhut theih a ni:
\(\:x\) chu material thickness a nih chuan \(\:{I}_{0}\) chu incident light intensity a ni a, \(\:I\) chu material chhunga a luh hnua photon intensity a ni. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) data hi NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database atang hian direct in a la thei a ni. Mixture leh compound hrang hrangte \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) value chu additivity rule hmangin a hnuaia mi ang hian kan hmu thei ang:
HU hi computed tomography (CT) data hrilhfiahna atana radiodensity tehna standardized dimensionless unit a ni a, chu chu attenuation coefficient tehna \(\:\mu\:\) atanga linearly transformed a ni. A awmzia chu hetiang hian a ni:
chutah chuan \(\:{\mu\:}_{tui}\) chu tui attenuation coefficient a ni a, \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) chu boruak attenuation coefficient a ni. Chuvangin formula (6) atang hian tui HU value chu 0 a ni tih kan hmu a, boruak HU value chu -1000 a ni. Mihring lung chhunga HU value hi -600 atanga -70022 inkar a ni.
Tissue equivalent material engemawzat siam chhuah a ni tawh bawk. Griffith leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. 23 chuan polyurethane (PU) hmanga siam mihring taksa tissue equivalent model an siam a, chutah chuan mihring lung telin mihring taksa peng hrang hrangte linear attenuation coefficient simulate turin calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration hrang hrang an dah a, chu model chu Griffith tiin an vuah a ni. Taylor24 chuan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) siam lung tissue equivalent model pahnihna a rawn present a, chu chu LLLL1 tih a ni. Traub et al.25 chuan Foamex XRS-272 hmangin 5.25% CaCO3 chu performance enhancer atan lung tissue substitute thar an siam a, chu chu ALT2 tiin an vuah a ni. Table 1 leh 2-ah hian \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) leh mihring lung (ICRU-44) leh a chunga tissue equivalent model-te mass attenuation coefficient te khaikhin a ni.
Radiological property tha tak tak nei mahse phantom material zawng zawng deuhthaw hi polystyrene foam atanga siam a ni a, chu chu heng material te mechanical property hian mihring lungphu a hnaih thei lo tihna a ni. The Young’s modulus (YM) of polyurethane foam hi 500 kPa vel a ni a, mihring lung pangngai (5-10 kPa vel) nena khaikhin chuan a tha ber lo hle. Chuvangin mihring lung tak tak mechanical leh radiological characteristics phuhruk thei tur thil thar siam chhuah a ngai a ni.
Tissue engineering-ah hian hydrogel hi hman a ni nasa hle. A structure leh property te hi extracellular matrix (ECM) nen a inang a, awlsam taka siamrem theih a ni. He zirchiannaah hian foam siamna atana biomaterial atan sodium alginate thianghlim thlan a ni. Alginate hydrogels hi biocompatible a ni a, tissue engineering-ah pawh hman a ni nasa hle a, a chhan chu a adjustable mechanical property vang a ni. Sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n elemental composition leh Ca2+ awmna hian a radiological property te chu a tul angin a siamrem thei a ni. Hetianga adjustable mechanical leh radiological property inzawmkhawm hian alginate hydrogels hi kan zirchianna atan a tha ber a ni. Dik tak chuan alginate hydrogels hian tihkhawtlai a nei bawk a, a bik takin simulated respiratory cycle-a hun rei tak chhunga stability-ah chuan. Chuvangin, heng tihkhawtlai te hi sutkian nan hian hmasawnna dang neih belh a ngai a, nakin lawka zirchiannaah pawh beisei a ni.
He hnathawhnaah hian mihring lung tissue ang chiah, controllable rho value, elasticity, leh radiological property nei alginate hydrogel foam material kan siam chhuak a. He zirchianna hian tunable elastic leh radiological property nei tissue ang chi phantoms siamna atana solution tlangpui a pe dawn a ni. Material property te hi awlsam takin mihring tissue leh organ eng pawha siam theih a ni.
Hydrogel foam target air to volume ratio chu mihring lung HU range (-600 atanga -700) atanga chhut a ni. Foam hi boruak leh synthetic alginate hydrogel inzawmkhawm awlsam tak niin an ngai a. Element pakhat zel \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) addition rule awlsam tak hmangin boruak volume fraction leh alginate hydrogel siam chhuah volume ratio chu chhut theih a ni.
Alginate hydrogel foam hi Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO atanga lei sodium alginate (Part No. W201502), CaCO3 (Part No. 795445, MW: 100.09), leh GDL (Part No. G4750, MW: 178.14) hmanga siam a ni. 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) hi Renowned Trading LLC atangin lei a ni a, a man hi a to hle a, a man hi a to hle bawk. Foam siamnaah hian deionized water hman a ni. Sodium alginate chu deionized water-ah room temperature-ah constant stirring (600 rpm)-in homogeneous yellow translucent solution a awm thlengin an hmin a. CaCO3 chu GDL nena inzawm chu Ca2+ source atan hmangin gelation tan a ni. SLES 70 chu surfactant atan hmangin hydrogel chhungah porous structure siam a ni. Alginate concentration chu 5%-ah dahin Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio chu 0.18-ah dah a ni. Foam buatsaih lai pawhin CaCO3:GDL molar ratio chu 0.5-ah dahin neutral pH a awm reng bawk. A value chu 26. Sample zawng zawngah SLES 70 volume by 2% dah a ni. Beaker khuhna nei hmangin solution leh boruak mixing ratio control a ni. Beaker volume zawng zawng chu 140 ml a ni. Theoretical calculation result atanga thlirin, boruak nena inhmeh turin beaker-ah hian mixture volume hrang hrang (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) dah a ni. Sample 50 ml awmna chu boruak tling tak nena inhmeh tura siam a ni a, sample dang pahnih air volume ratio chu control a ni thung. A hmasa berin SLES 70 chu alginate solution-ah dahin electric stirrer hmangin a inhmeh vek thlengin stir a ni. Tichuan, CaCO3 suspension chu a mixture-ah dahin, a mixture chu a inhmeh vek thlengin stir chhunzawm zel a ni a, chutah chuan a rawng chu a var-ah a inthlak ta a ni. A tawpah chuan GDL solution chu gelation tan nan mixture-ah dah a ni a, mechanical stirring chu a kal chhung zawngin an vawng reng a ni. Sample 50 ml awmna atan chuan mechanical stirring chu a volume a inthlak loh chuan tihtawp a ni. Sample 100 ml leh 110 ml awmna sample te tan chuan mechanical stirring chu mixture in beaker a khat chuan tihtawp a ni. Hydrogel foam volume 50 ml leh 100 ml inkar siam kan tum bawk. Mahse, foam hi structural instability hmuh a ni a, a chhan chu complete air mixing state leh air volume control state inkarah a inthlak danglam a, chu chuan volume control mumal lo tak a siam a ni. He instability hian chhut danah rinhlelhna a thlen a, chuvangin he volume range hi he zirchiannaah hian telh a ni lo.
Hydrogel foam density \(\:\rho\:\) chu hydrogel foam sample mass \(\:m\) leh volume \(\:V\) tehna hmanga chhut a ni.
Hydrogel foams te chu Zeiss Axio Observer A1 camera hmangin optical microscopic image hmangin an la a ni. ImageJ software hmangin sample pakhata hmun khata pores awm zat leh size distribution chu image hmuh chhuah atanga chhut a ni. Pore ​​shape chu circular anga ngaih a ni.
Alginate hydrogel foams te mechanical property zirchian nan TESTRESOURCES 100 series machine hmangin uniaxial compression test an nei a. Sample te chu rectangular block-ah an cut a, block dimension te chu tehin stress leh strain te an chhut a ni. Crosshead speed chu 10 mm/min ah dah a ni. Sample pakhatah sample pathum test a ni a, result atang hian mean leh standard deviation te chhut a ni. He zirchianna hian alginate hydrogel foams te compressive mechanical property te chu a ngaihtuah ber a, chu chu lung tissue hi thawkna cycle stage engemaw takah compressive forces hnuaia awm a nih avangin a ni. Extensibility hi a pawimawh hle tih chu a chiang a, a bik takin lung tissue full dynamic behavior lantir nan leh hei hi nakin lawka zirchiannaah zirchian a ni ang.
Hydrogel foam sample siamte chu Siemens SOMATOM Drive dual-channel CT scanner hmangin scan a ni. Scanning parameters chu hetiang hian set a ni: 40 mAs, 120 kVp leh 1 mm slice thickness. DICOM file lo chhuakte chu MicroDicom DICOM Viewer software hmangin sample tin cross-section 5-a HU value an zirchian a ni. CT hmanga HU value hmuhte chu sample-te density data hmanga theoretical calculation nen khaikhin a ni.
He zirchianna hian a tum ber chu engineering soft materials hmanga individual organ model leh artificial biological tissue siamna kawngah revolution siam a ni. Mihring lung hnathawh mechanics nena inmil tur mechanical leh radiological property nei material siam hi medical training tihchangtlun, surgical planning, leh radiation therapy planning te ang chi targeted application atan a pawimawh hle. Figure 1A-ah hian mihring lung model siamna atana hman nia sawi soft material-te mechanical leh radiological property inthlauhna kan plot a. Tun thleng hian radiological property duhthusam lantir thei material siam chhuah a ni a, mahse an mechanical property chuan duhthusam a phuhruk lo. Polyurethane foam leh rubber te hi mihring lung model deformable siamna atana hman lar ber a ni. Polyurethane foam (Young’s modulus, YM) mechanical property hi mihring lung tissue pangngai aiin a let 10 atanga a let 100 velin a sang zawk tlangpui. Mechanical leh radiological property duhthusam pahnih lantir thei material te hi hriat a la ni lo.
(A) Soft material hrang hrangte property schematic-a tarlan leh density, Young’s modulus leh radiological properties (HU-a) lam hawia mihring lung nena khaikhin. (B) \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel concentration 5% leh Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio 0.18 nei X-ray diffraction pattern. (C) Hydrogel foam-a air volume ratio hrang hrang. (D) Air volume ratio hrang hrang nei alginate hydrogel foam te schematic representation.
Alginate hydrogels concentration 5% leh Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio 0.18 nei elemental composition chhut a ni a, a result chu Table 3-ah hian tarlan a ni a, formula hmasa (5)-a addition rule angin alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) mass attenuation coefficient chu Figure 1B-a kan hmuh angin kan hmu a ni.
Thli leh tui atana \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) value te hi NIST 12612 standards reference database atanga direct a lak a ni. Chutiang chuan Figure 1C-ah hian mihring lung tan HU equivalent value -600 leh -700 inkar hydrogel foam-a air volume ratio chhut chhuah a ni. Theoretically calculated air volume ratio hi 1 × 10−3 atanga 2 × 101 MeV inkar energy range-ah 60–70% chhungah a stable a, hei hian downstream manufacturing process-a hydrogel foam hman theihna tha tak a tilang a ni.
Figure 1D-ah hian alginate hydrogel foam sample siam tawh chu kan hmu a. Sample zawng zawng chu cube-ah an cube a, a sir sei zawng chu 12.7 mm a ni. A result atanga a lan dan chuan homogeneous, three-dimensional stable hydrogel foam a lo piang ta a ni. Air volume ratio eng pawh ni se, hydrogel foams hmel lan danah danglamna lian tham a awm lo. Hydrogel foam hi a self-sustaining nature hian hydrogel chhunga network lo awm chu a chak tawk a, foam ngei pawh hi a rit zawng pawh a phur thei tih a tilang. Foam atanga tui chhuak tlemte bakah hian foam hian kar engemaw zat chhung chu transient stability a lantir bawk.
Foam sample mass leh volume tehna hmangin hydrogel foam \(\:\rho\:\) siam density chu chhut a ni a, a result chu Table 4-ah hian tarlan a ni a, result-ah hian \(\:\rho\:\) chu boruak volume ratio-a innghahna a ni. Sample 50 ml nena boruak tling tak an pawlh chuan a density chu a hniam ber a, 0.482 g/cm3 a ni. Mixed air a tlem chuan a density chu 0.685 g/cm3 ah a pung a ni. Group 50 ml, 100 ml leh 110 ml inkara p value sang ber chu 0.004 < 0.05 a ni a, hei hian result-te statistical significance a tarlang a ni.
Theoretical \(\:\rho\:\) value pawh controlled air volume ratio hmangin chhut a ni bawk. A tehna result atanga a lan dan chuan \(\:\rho\:\) hi theoretical value aiin 0.1 g/cm3 in a tlem zawk a ni. He danglamna hi gelation process-a hydrogel-a internal stress lo awm vang a ni thei a, chu chuan swelling a siam a, chu chuan \(\:\rho\:\) a tihhniam phah a ni. Hei hi Figure 2 (A, B leh C)-a CT image-a hydrogel foam chhunga gap thenkhat hmuhchhuah a nih avangin a nemnghet lehzual a ni.
Optical microscopy hmanga hydrogel foams air volume content hrang hrang (A) 50, (B) 100, leh (C) 110. Alginate hydrogel foam sample-a cell number leh pore size distribution (D) 50, (E) 100, (F)
Figure 3 (A, B, C)-ah hian air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam sample-te optical microscope hmanga thlalak a ni. He result hian hydrogel foam optical structure a tarlang a, diameter hrang hrang nei pores lem chiang takin a tarlang a ni. Pore ​​number leh diameter distribution chu ImageJ hmangin an chhut a. Sample pakhatah hian image paruk lak a ni a, image tin hi 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm a ni a, sample pakhat tan total analysis area chu 5.7 mm2 a ni.
(A) Air volume ratio hrang hrang nei alginate hydrogel foam-te compressive stress-strain behavior. (B) Exponential fitting tih a ni. (C) Air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam-te compression E0. (D) Air volume ratio hrang hrang nei alginate hydrogel foam-te ultimate compressive stress leh strain.
Figure 3 (D, E, F) atang hian pore size distribution hi a inang tlang hle a, micrometer sawm atanga micrometer 500 vel thleng a ni. Pore ​​size hi a bul berah chuan a inang vek a, air volume a tlahniam chuan a tlahniam deuh bawk. Test data atanga a lan dan chuan 50 ml sample-a pore size average chu 192.16 μm a ni a, median chu 184.51 μm a ni a, unit area khata pores awm zat chu 103 a ni a; 100 ml sample-a pore size average chu 156.62 μm a ni a, median chu 151.07 μm a ni a, unit area khata pore awm zat chu 109 a ni a; 110 ml sample-a value inmil chu 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm leh 115 a ni. Data atanga a lan dan chuan pore lian zawkte hian pore size average statistical result-ah nghawng lian zawk an nei a, median pore size hian pore size inthlak danglamna trend a lantir tha zawk thei bawk. Sample volume 50 ml atanga 110 ml a a san chuan pores pawh a pung zel bawk. Median pore diameter leh pore number statistical result te kha han belhkhawm ila, volume a san chuan sample chhungah hian pore lian lo zawk tam zawk a lo awm tih a chiang thei.
Mechanical test data chu Figure 4A leh 4D-ah hian tarlan a ni. Figure 4A-ah hian air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam siam tawhte compressive stress-strain behavior tarlan a ni. Results atanga a lan dan chuan sample zawng zawng hian nonlinear stress-strain behavior inang an nei vek a ni. Sample tin tan chuan strain a san chuan stress a pung chak zawk thin. Hydrogel foam-a compressive stress-strain behavior-ah exponential curve an fit a. Figure 4B-ah hian hydrogel foam-a approximating model anga exponential function hman hnua result kan hmu a.
Air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam te tan chuan an compressive modulus (E0) pawh zirchian a ni bawk. Hydrogels te analysis ang bawkin compressive Young’s modulus chu 20% initial strain inkar ah an zirchiang bawk. Compression test result chu Figure 4C-ah hian tarlan a ni. Figure 4C-a result kan hmuh dan chuan sample 50 atanga sample 110 thlenga air volume ratio a tlahniam chuan alginate hydrogel foam-a compressive Young’s modulus E0 chu 10.86 kPa atanga 18 kPa-ah a pung a ni.
Chutiang bawkin hydrogel foam-a stress-strain curve kimchang tak tak te, ultimate compressive stress leh strain value te pawh hmuh a ni bawk. Figure 4D-ah hian alginate hydrogel foam-te compressive stress leh strain hnuhnung ber kan hmu a. Data point tin hi test result pathum average a ni. Results atanga a lan dan chuan gas awm zat tlahniam chuan ultimate compressive stress chu 9.84 kPa atanga 17.58 kPa ah a pung a ni. Ultimate strain chu 38% velin a stable reng a ni.
Figure 2 (A, B, leh C)-ah hian sample 50, 100 leh 110 nena inmil air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam-te CT image tarlan a ni. Thlalak atang hian hydrogel foam siam chu a inang tlang hle tih a lang. Sample 100 leh 110-ah hian gap tlemte hmuh a ni a, heng gap lo awm chhan hi gelation process-a hydrogel-a internal stress lo awm vang a ni thei. Sample tin cross section 5-a HU value kan chhut a, a inmil theoretical calculation result nen Table 5-ah kan dah a ni.
Table 5-ah hian air volume ratio hrang hrang nei sample-te chuan HU value hrang hrang an hmu tih a lang. 50 ml, 100 ml leh 110 ml group-a p value sang ber chu 0.004 < 0.05 a ni a, hei hian result-te statistical significance a tarlang a ni. Sample pathum test zingah hian 50 ml mixture hmanga siam sample hian mihring lung nena inhnaih ber radiological property a nei a ni. Table 5-a column hnuhnung ber chu foam value tehna \(\:\rho\:\) hmanga theoretical calculation hmanga result hmuh a ni. Data tehna leh theoretical result tehkhin chuan CT scanning hmanga HU value hmuhte chu a tlangpuiin theoretical result nen a inhnaih tih hriat theih a ni a, hei hian Figure 1C-a air volume ratio chhut result chu a nemnghet leh a ni.
He zirchianna hian a tum ber chu mihring lungphu nena tehkhin theih mechanical leh radiological property nei material siam a ni. He thil tum hi mihring lung nena inhnaih thei ang bera tissue-equivalent mechanical leh radiological property tailored nei hydrogel-based material siam chhuah a ni. Theoretical calculation hmanga kaihhruaina hnuaiah sodium alginate solution, CaCO3, GDL leh SLES 70 te mechanically mixing hmangin air volume ratio hrang hrang nei hydrogel foam siam a ni a, Morphological analysis atanga a lan dan chuan homogeneous three-dimensional stable hydrogel foam a lo piang a ni. Air volume ratio thlak danglam hian foam density leh porosity chu duh duhin a danglam thei a ni. Air volume content a san chuan pore size a tlahniam deuh a, pore pawh a pung bawk. Alginate hydrogel foams te mechanical property te enfiah nan compression test an nei a. Results atanga a lan dan chuan compression test atanga compressive modulus (E0) hmuh chu mihring lung tan a tha ber a ni. Air volume ratio a tlahniam chuan E0 a sang chho zel a ni. Sample siam tawhte radiological properties (HU) value te chu sample te CT data atanga lak chhuah a ni a, theoretical calculation result nen khaikhin a ni. A result pawh a tha hle. A tehna value pawh hi mihring lung HU value nen a inhnaih hle bawk. Results atanga a lan dan chuan mihring lungphun ang chi mechanical leh radiological property te inzawmkhawm tha tak nei tissue-imitating hydrogel foam siam theih a ni.
Results duhawm tak awm mahse, tuna fabrication methods te hi siam that a ngai a, chu chu theoretical calculation atanga prediction leh real human lungs atanga global leh local scale-a prediction nena inmil turin air volume ratio leh porosity control tha zawk a ni. Tuna kan zirchianna hi compression mechanics test-naah pawh a innghat a, hei hian phantom hman theihna chu thawkna cycle-a compression phase-ah a tihtlem phah a ni. Nakin lawka zirchianna chuan tensile testing bakah dynamic loading condition hnuaia hman theih dan tur tehna atan material mechanical stability pum pui chhui a hlawkpui ang. Heng tihkhawtlai te hi awm mahse, he zirchianna hi mihring lung ang chi thil pakhata radiological leh mechanical property te inzawmkhawm tumna hlawhtling hmasa ber a ni.
Tuna zirchianna kalpui mek chhunga dataset siam leh/ emaw, zirchian tawhte chu a remchan dan anga dilna a awm chuan a ziaktu kaihhnawih hnen atangin hmuh theih a ni. Experiment leh dataset pahnih hi reproducible a ni.
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