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Melamine hi ei tur bawlhhlawh hriat chhuah a ni a, ei tur chi hrang hrangah hian accident leh tumruh takin a awm thei a ni. He zirchianna hian nausen chaw leh bawnghnute powder-a melamine hmuhchhuah leh quantification finfiah a tum a ni. Iran ram bial hrang hrang aṭanga sumdawnna atana hman theih ei tur sample 40 an zirchiang a, heng zingah hian infant formula leh milk powder te pawh a tel. Sample-a melamine awm zat tlem ber chu high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) system hmangin an chhut a ni. Melamine 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 inkar hmuhchhuahna tur calibration curve (R2 = 0.9925) siam a ni. Quantification leh detection limit chu 1 μg mL−1 leh 3 μg mL−1 a ni. Melamine hi infant formula leh milk powder-ah test a ni a, result-ah chuan naute formula leh milk powder sample-a melamine level chu 0.001–0.095 mg kg−1 leh 0.001–0.004 mg kg−1 a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Heng hlutnate hi EU dan leh Codex Alimentarius nen a inmil hle. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu heng bawnghnute atanga siam, melamine tlem zawka ei hian consumer hriselna atan hlauhawmna lian tham a thlen lo. Hei hi risk assessment result pawhin a thlawp a ni.
Melamine hi organic compound a ni a, molecular formula C3H6N6 a nei a, cyanamide atanga lak chhuah a ni. Tuiah hian a hmin tlem hle a, 66% vel nitrogen a ni. Melamine hi industrial compound hman lar tak a ni a, plastic, fertilizer, leh ei tur siamna hmanrua (food packaging leh kitchenware te pawh tel) siamnaah dan anga hmanna hrang hrang a nei a ni1, Melamine hi natna enkawlna atan damdawi phurtu atan an hmang bawk. Melamine-a nitrogen tam lutuk hian compound hman dik lohna a thlen thei a, protein molecule-te property chu ei tur siamnaah a pe thei bawk3,4. Chuvangin, ei leh in atanga siam, bawnghnute atanga siam te pawh tiamin, melamine dah hian nitrogen a tipung a ni. Chutiang chuan, bawnghnutea protein awm zat chu a nihna tak aiin a tam zawk tih chu dik lo takin thutlukna siam a ni.
Melamine gram khatah chuan ei tur protein awm zat chu 0.4% in a pung ang. Mahse, melamine hi tuiah a inthiar nasa hle a, chhiatna nasa zawk a thlen thei a ni. Milk ang chi liquid product-ah melamine gram 1.3 dah chuan bawnghnute protein awm zat chu 30% in a tipung thei a ni5,6. Ran leh mihring chawah pawh protein awm zat tihpun nan melamine dah tel ni mahse7, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) leh ram thuneitute chuan melamine hi ei tur additive atan an pawm lo va, vun hmanga ei, inhnim emaw, inhnim emaw a nih chuan hlauhawm takah an dah a ni. Kum 2012 khan World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer chuan melamine hi mihring hriselna atana a chhiat theih avangin Class 2B carcinogen-ah a dah a ni8. Hun rei tak chhung melamine ei hian cancer emaw, kal (kidney) a tichhia thei2. Chaw ei chhunga melamine hian cyanuric acid nen a complex thei a, tuiah a inthiar theih loh yellow crystals a siam thei a, chu chuan kidney leh bladder tissue a tichhia thei a, chubakah urinary tract cancer leh weight loss a thlen thei bawk9,10. Acute food poisoning a thlen thei a, a tam lutuk chuan thihna a thlen thei a, a bik takin naute leh naupang têteah a thlen thei bawk.11 World Health Organization (WHO) chuan CAC kaihhruaina a\angin mihringte ni khata melamine ei tur (TDI) chu ni khata 0.2 mg/kg body weight-ah a dah bawk.12 US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) chuan melamine-a residue level sang ber chu a siam a ni 1 mg/kg infant formula leh 2.5 mg/kg in other foods.2,7 September 2008 khan domestic infant formula siamtu engemaw zatin an thil siama protein awm zat tihpun nan milk powder-ah melamine an dah tel tih report a ni a, chu chuan milk powder poisoning a thlen a, ram pumah melamine poisoning incident a thlen a, naupang 294,000 chuang natna a thlen a, damdawi inah dah tam zawk a awm bawk 50,000 aia tam a ni. 13. A rilru a hah lutuk
Khawpui nun harsatna te, nu emaw nausen emaw damlohna te, nausen chaw pekna atana nausen chaw pekna atana hman tur thil chi hrang hrang avang hian nau hnute pek theih a ni ngai lo. Chuvang chuan nausen chaw siamna tur factory din a ni a, chu chu a composition-a nu hnute nena inhnaih thei ang bera siam a ni14. Bazar-a nausen chawhmeh zawrh hi bawnghnute atanga siam a ni tlangpui a, thau, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, mineral leh compound dangte inzawmkhawm bik hmanga siam a ni. Nu hnute hnaih tur chuan formula-a protein leh thau awm zat hi a inang lo va, hnute chi hrang hrang a zirin vitamin leh mineral iron ang chi compound hmanga tihchak a ni Nausen hi group sensitive tak an nih avangin poisoning hlauhawmna a awm avangin milk powder ei hi hriselna atan a pawimawh hle. Chinese nausen zinga melamine poisoning case a awm hnuah khawvel ram hrang hrangah he thil hi ngun takin an ngaihven a, he hmuna sensitivity pawh a sang chho hle. Chuvangin nausen hriselna venhim nan nausen chawhmeh siam dan control tihchak a pawimawh hle. Chaw ei chhunga melamine hmuhchhuah dan hrang hrang a awm a, chung zingah chuan high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrophoresis, sensory method, spectrophotometry leh antigen-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay te pawh a tel Kum 2007 khan US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) chuan ei tur a melamine leh cyanuric acid awm zat hriat theihna tur HPLC method an siam a, an tichhuak a, hei hi melamine awm zat hriat theihna atana hmanraw tangkai ber a ni
Infrared spectroscopy technique thar hmanga nausen chaw siama melamine concentration tehna chu kilogram khatah 0.33 atanga 0.96 milligrams (mg kg-1) inkar a ni. 18 Sri Lanka rama zirchianna pakhatah chuan whole milk powder-a melamine level chu 0.39 atanga 0.84 mg kg-1 inkar a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Hei bakah hian imported infant formula sample-ah hian melamine a tam ber a, 0.96 leh 0.94 mg/kg a ni. Heng level te hi regulatory limit (1 mg/kg) hnuai lam a ni a, mahse consumer himna atan monitoring program neih a ngai a ni. 19. A rilru a hah lutuk
Zirna eng emaw zatah Iran nausen chaw siamnaah melamine level an zirchiang tawh a ni. Sample 65% vel chu melamine a ni a, a vaiin 0.73 mg/kg a ni a, a tam berah 3.63 mg/kg a ni. Zirchianna dang pakhatah chuan naute chaw ei tur a melamine level chu 0.35 atanga 3.40 μg/kg inkar a ni a, a vaiin 1.38 μg/kg a ni. A pum puiin Iran nausen chaw siamna atana melamine awm leh awm zat hi zirchianna hrang hrangah zirchian a ni a, sample thenkhatah chuan melamine awmin regulatory authority-te’n maximum limit (2.5 mg/kg/feed) an siam chu a pel a ni.
Food industry-a milk powder direct leh indirect-a ei tam lutuk leh naupang chaw pekna atana naute chaw pekna atana nausen chaw pekna atana pawimawh bik tak ngaihtuah hian he zirchianna hian bawnghnute powder leh nausen chaw peknaah melamine hmuhchhuah dan dik tak tihdik a tum a ni. Dik tak chuan, he zirchianna hian a tum hmasa ber chu high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) leh ultraviolet (UV) detection hmanga nausen chaw leh bawnghnute powder-a melamine adulteration hriat theihna tur quantitative method rang, awlsam leh dik tak siam a ni a Pahnihnaah chuan he zirchianna hian a tum ber chu Iran market-a nausen chaw siam leh bawnghnute powder-a melamine awm zat hriat a ni.
Melamine analysis atana hmanraw hmante hi ei tur siamna hmun azirin a inang lo. HPLC-UV analysis method sensitive leh rintlak tak hmangin bawnghnute leh naute chaw ei tur a melamine residue te chu an teh a ni. Dairy product-ah hian protein leh thau chi hrang hrang a awm a, chu chuan melamine tehna a tibuai thei a ni. Chuvangin, Sun leh a thawhpuiten an sawi angin. 22, instrumental analysis hmain cleanup strategy dik leh tangkai tak neih a ngai a ni. He zirchiannaah hian disposable syringe filter kan hmang a. He zirchiannaah hian C18 column hmangin nausen chaw ei tur leh bawnghnute powder-a melamine kan thliar hrang a. Figure 1-ah hian melamine hmuhchhuahna atana chromatogram tarlan a ni. Hei bakah hian 0.1–1.2 mg/kg melamine awmna sample te lakchhuahna chu 95% atanga 109% inkar a ni a, regression equation chu y = 1.2487x − 0.005 (r = 0.9925) a ni a, relative standard deviation (RSD) value chu 0.8 atanga 2% inkar a ni bawk. Data awmsa chuan zirchianna concentration range-ah hian method hi rintlak a nih thu a tarlang (Table 1). Melamine hi instrumental limit of detection (LOD) leh limit of quantification (LOQ) te chu 1 μg mL−1 leh 3 μg mL−1 a ni. Tin, melamine UV spectrum hian 242 nm-ah absorption band a lantir bawk. Detection method hi a sensitive, rintlak leh dik tak a ni. Hetiang method hi melamine level routine determination atan hman theih a ni.
Hetiang result hi ziaktu engemaw zatin an tichhuak tawh bawk. Dairy products-a melamine awm zat zirchianna atan hian high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array (HPLC) method siam a ni. Quantification hniam zawk chu bawnghnute powder atan 340 μg kg−1 leh nausen chaw ei tur atan 280 μg kg−1 a ni a, 240 nm-ah a ni. Filazzi leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (2012) te chuan HPLC hmangin nausen chaw siamnaah melamine hmuhchhuah a ni lo tih an sawi. Mahse, milk powder sample 8% ah chuan melamine level 0.505–0.86 mg/kg a awm thung. Tittlemiet et al.23 pawhin hetiang bawk hian zirchianna an nei a, nausen chaw ei tur (sample number: 72)-a melamine awm zat chu high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (HPLC-MS/MS) hmangin 0.0431–0.346 mg kg−1 vel a ni tih an hmuchhuak a ni. Venkatasamy leh a thawhpuiten zirchianna an neihah chuan. (2010), green chemistry approach (acetonitrile tel lo) leh reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) hmangin nausen chaw leh bawnghnutea melamine chu an chhut a. Sample concentration range chu 1.0 atanga 80 g/mL a ni a, a chhanna chu linear (r > 0.999) a ni. He method hian concentration range 5–40 g/mL chhungin recovery 97.2–101.2 a nei a, reproducibility chu 1.0% relative standard deviation aia tlem a ni. Chubakah, LOD leh LOQ hmuhchhuah chu 0.1 g mL−1 leh 0.2 g mL−124 a ni. Lutter leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (2011) te chuan HPLC-UV hmangin bawnghnute leh bawnghnute hmanga siam nausen chawhmeh a melamine contamination an hmuchhuak a. Melamine concentration chu < 0.2 atanga 2.52 mg kg−1 inkar a ni. HPLC-UV method hmanga linear dynamic range chu bawnghnute tan 0.05 atanga 2.5 mg kg−1, naute formula protein mass fraction <15% nei tan 0.13 atanga 6.25 mg kg−1, leh naute formula protein mass fraction 15% nei tan 0.25 atanga 12.5 mg kg−1 a ni. LOD (leh LOQ) result chu bawnghnute tan 0.03 mg kg−1 (0.09 mg kg−1), naute formula <15% protein atan 0.06 mg kg−1 (0.18 mg kg−1), leh naute formula 15% protein atan 0.12 mg kg−1 (0.36 mg kg−1) a ni a, signal-to-noise ratio chu 3. a ni leh LOD leh LOQ tan 1025 a ni. Diebes leh a thawhpuiten an ziak a ni. (2012) te chuan HPLC/DMD hmangin naute formula leh milk powder sample-a melamine level an zirchiang a. Infant formula-ah chuan a hniam ber leh a sang ber chu 9.49 mg kg−1 leh 258 mg kg−1 a ni. A hmuhchhuah theihna limit (LOD) chu 0.05 mg kg−1 a ni.
Javaid leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. report chuan nausen chaw ei tur a melamine residue chu Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIR) hmangin 0.002–2 mg kg−1 inkar a ni (LOD = 1 mg kg−1; LOQ = 3.5 mg kg−1). Rezai et al.27 chuan melamine estimate nan HPLC-DDA (λ = 220 nm) method an rawt a, milk powder atan LOQ 0.08 μg mL−1 an hmu a, hei hi he zirchiannaa level hmuh aiin a hniam zawk a ni. Sun leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. solid phase extraction (SPE) hmanga liquid milk-a melamine hmuhchhuahna tur RP-HPLC-DAD an siam a ni. LOD leh LOQ 18 leh 60 μg kg−128 an hmu a, hei hi tuna zirchianna aiin a sensitive zawk a ni. Montesano leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. chuan protein supplement-a melamine awm zat tehna atana HPLC-DMD method hman tangkaizia a nemnghet a, hei hi quantification limit 0.05–3 mg/kg a ni a, hei hi he zirchiannaa hman dan aiin a sensitive lo zawk a ni
Ringhlelhawm lohvin, sample hrang hranga boruak bawlhhlawh awmte enfiahin boruak humhalh kawngah analytical laboratory-te hian hmun pawimawh tak an chang a ni. Mahse, analysis neih chhunga reagent leh solvent tam tak hman chuan thil hlauhawm tak tak a siam thei a ni. Chuvangin, kum 2000 khan green analytical chemistry (GAC) siam a ni a, chu chu analytical procedure-in operator leh boruak a nghawng tha lo tihtlem emaw tihbo emaw a ni Melamine hmuhchhuahna hmanraw hlui, chromatography, electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, leh enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) te hmangin melamine hmuhchhuah a ni tawh bawk. Mahse, detection method tam tak zingah electrochemical sensor te hian an sensitivity tha tak, selectivity tha tak, rapid analysis time, leh user-friendly characteristics te avang hian ngaihven a hlawh hle a ni30, Green nanotechnology hian biological pathways hmangin nanomaterials a siam a, hei hian bawlhhlawh hlauhawm siamchhuah leh energy hman a tihtlem thei a, chu chuan sustainable practice kalpui a tichak thei a ni. Entirnan, boruak tichhe lo thil atanga siam nanocomposites te hi biosensor-ah melamine ang chi thil hmuhchhuah nan hman theih a ni32,33,34.
He zirchianna hian solid-phase microextraction (SPME) hi hmanlai extraction method nena khaikhin chuan energy efficiency leh sustainability a sang zawk avangin hman tangkai a ni tih a tarlang. SPME hian environment friendliness leh energy efficiency a neih avangin analytical chemistry-a traditional extraction methods aiin a tha zawk a, sample buatsaihna atan pawh a sustainable leh efficient zawk a pe bawk
Kum 2013 khan Wu et al. an siam chhuak a, hei hian melamine leh anti-melamine antibodies inkara coupling hmangin immunoassay hmangin naute formula-a melamine chu rang takin a hmuchhuak a, hei hian highly sensitive leh selective surface plasmon resonance (mini-SPR) biosensor a siam a ni. SPR biosensor hi immunoassay (melamine-conjugated bovine serum albumin hmanga siam) nena hman dun hi hman awlsam leh man tlawm tak a ni a, detection limit chu 0.02 μg mL-136 chauh a ni.
Nasiri leh Abbasian te hian sumdawnna atana hman sample-a melamine hmuhchhuah nan high-potential portable sensor chu graphene oxide-chitosan composites (GOCS) nen an hmang a ni Hetiang method hian ultra-high selectivity, accuracy leh response a lantir a ni. GOCS sensor hian sensitivity mak tak (239.1 μM−1) a lantir a, linear range 0.01 atanga 200 μM, affinity constant 1.73 × 104, leh LOD 10 nM thleng a lantir bawk. Chubakah, zirchianna pakhat Chandrasekhar et al. kum 2024 khan eco-friendly leh cost-effective approach a hmang a. Papaya peel extract chu reducing agent atan hmangin zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) te chu eco-friendly method hmangin an siam chhuak a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan naute chaw ei tur a melamine awm zat hriat theihna tur micro-Raman spectroscopy technique danglam tak siam a ni. Agriculture bawlhhlawh atanga ZnO-NPs lakchhuah te hian diagnostic tool hlu tak leh melamine enfiah leh hmuhchhuahna atana technology rintlak, man tlawm tak a nih theihna a lantir a ni
Alizadeh leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (2024) te chuan milk powder-a melamine awm chu an hriat theih nan highly sensitive metal-organic framework (MOF) fluorescence platform an hmang a. Sensor linear range leh lower detection limit, 3σ/S hmanga teh chu 40 atanga 396.45 nM (25 μg kg−1 atanga 0.25 mg kg−1 tlukpui) leh 40 nM (25 μg kg−1 tlukpui) a ni. He range hi nausen chaw (1 mg kg−1) leh ei tur/feed sample dang (2.5 mg kg−1)-a melamine hriat theihna atana maximum residue level (MRLs) set aiin a hniam hle. Fluorescent sensor (terbium (Tb)@NH2-MIL-253(Al)MOF) hian HPLC39 aiin bawnghnute powder-a melamine hmuhchhuahnaah hian a dik zawk leh a tehna dik zawk a lantir a ni. Green chemistry-a biosensor leh nanocomposites te hian detection theihna a tipung mai bakah sustainable development principle nena inmil takin environment hlauhawmna a ti tlem bawk.
Melamine tehna atan hian green chemistry principle hi hmanraw hrang hrangah hman a ni tawh a. Thil tih dan pakhat chu nausen chaw ei leh tui lum ang chi sample atanga melamine 40 tha taka lakchhuah nan citric acid nena cross-linked natural polar polymer β-cyclodextrin hmanga green dispersive solid-phase microextraction method siam a ni. Thil dang pakhat chu Mannich reaction hmangin bawnghnute sample-a melamine awm zat hriat theih a ni. Hetiang hmanrua hi a man tlawm a, boruak tichhe lo, a dik hle a, linear range 0.1–2.5 ppm leh detection limit hniam 41. Chubakah, liquid milk leh nausen formula-a melamine awm zat tehna atana hmanraw man tlawm leh boruak tichhe lo tak chu Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy hmangin a dikna sang tak leh detection limits 1 hmangin siam a ni bawk ppm leh 3.5 ppm, a hnuaia mi ang hian 42. Heng hmanrua te hian melamine tehna atana hmanraw tangkai leh nghet tak siam chhuahna atana green chemistry principle hman dan a entir a ni.
Zirna engemaw zatah chuan melamine hmuhchhuahna atana hmanraw thar an rawt a, chu chu solid-phase extraction leh high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)43 hman a ni a, chubakah fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hman a ni bawk a, hei hian complex pre-treatment emaw ion-pair reagent emaw a mamawh lo a, chu chuan chemical bawlhhlawh a tihtlem phah a ni Heng hmanrua te hian bawnghnute siamna atana melamine awm zat hriat theihna tur result dik tak a pe mai bakah green chemistry principle te pawh a zawm a, chemical hlauhawm hman a tlem phah a, analytical process-in boruak a nghawng zawng zawng a ti tlem bawk.
Brand hrang hrang sample 40 chu vawi thum test a ni a, a result chu Table 2-ah tarlan a ni a, naute formula leh milk powder sample-a melamine level chu 0.001 atanga 0.004 mg/kg leh 0.001 atanga 0.095 mg/kg inkar a ni. Nausen chaw ei tur kum pathum zingah hian danglamna lian tham a awm lo. Hei bakah hian bawnghnute powder 80%-ah melamine hmuhchhuah a ni a, mahse nausen chawhmeh 65% chu melamine-in a tihbawlhhlawh a ni.
Industrial milk powder-a melamine awm zat chu naute formula aiin a tam zawk a, a danglamna chu a langsar hle (p<0.05) (Figure 2).
Results hmuh chu FDA-in a tihkhawtlai (1 leh 2.5 mg/kg hnuai lam) a ni. Tin, result hi CAC (2010) leh EU45,46-in a siamte nen a inmil a, chu chu nausen chaw ei tur atan 1 mg kg-1 leh bawnghnute siamna atan 2.5 mg kg-1 a ni.
Kum 2023-a Ghanati et al.47-te zirchiannaah chuan Iran ramah hian packaged milk chi hrang hrangah melamine awm zat chu 50.7 atanga 790 μg kg−1 inkar a ni. An result chu FDA phalna chin hnuai lam a ni. Kan result hi Shoder et al.48 leh Rima et al.49 te aiin a hniam zawk a ni. Shoder leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. (2010) te chuan ELISA hmanga milk powder (n=49)-a melamine level chu 0.5 atanga 5.5 mg/kg inkar a ni tih an hmuchhuak. Rima leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. fluorescence spectrophotometry hmangin milk powder-a melamine awm zat an zirchiang a, milk powder-a melamine awm zat chu 0.72–5.76 mg/kg a ni tih an hmuchhuak. Canada ramah kum 2011 khan zirchianna an nei a, naute chaw (n=94)-a melamine level chu liquid chromatography (LC/MS) hmangin enfiah a ni. Melamine concentration chu pawm theih limit hnuai lam a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni (preliminary standard: 0.5 mg kg−1). Melamine level dik lo hmuhchhuah te hi protein awm zat tihpunna atana hmanraw hman a nih a rinawm loh. Mahse, fertilizer hman te, container chhunga thil awmte hmun danga sawn emaw, chutiang chi thil emaw hmanga sawifiah theih a ni lo. Chubakah, Canada rama milk powder lakluh atanga melamine awm chhan pawh tarlan a ni lo50.
Hassani leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. kum 2013 khan Iran market-a milk powder leh liquid milk-a melamine awm zat an teh a, hetiang chiah hian result an hmu bawk. Results atanga a lan dan chuan milk powder brand khat leh liquid milk tih loh chu sample dang zawng zawng chu melamine in a bawlhhlawh vek a, milk powder-ah 1.50 atanga 30.32 μg g−1 leh milk-ah 0.11 atanga 1.48 μg ml−1 inkar a ni. Hriat tur pawimawh tak chu sample pakhatah cyanuric acid hmuhchhuah a ni lo a, hei hian consumer-te tan melamine poisoning awm theihna a ti tlem a ni. 51 Tun hmaa zirchianna hrang hrangah chuan chocolate product-a milk powder awmnaah melamine concentration an zirchiang tawh a. Sample lakluh zinga 94% vel leh Iran rama sample lak zinga 77% vel chu melamine a awm a ni. Sample import-a melamine level chu 0.032 atanga 2.692 mg/kg inkar a ni a, Iran sample-a melamine level chu 0.013 atanga 2.600 mg/kg inkar a ni. A pum puiin sample 85%-ah melamine hmuhchhuah a ni a, mahse brand bik pakhat chauhvin phalna pek aia sang level a nei a ni.44 Tittlemier et al. report-ah chuan milk powder-a melamine level chu 0.00528 atanga 0.0122 mg/kg inkar a ni.
Table 3-ah hian kum pathumte risk assessment result chu a tawi zawngin tarlan a ni. Kum zawng zawngah risk hi 1 aia tlem a ni. Chutiang chuan naute chaw siamnaah hian melamine atanga non-carcinogenic health risk a awm lo.
Dairy products-a bawlhhlawh hniam zawk hi a buatsaih laiin tum loh taka bawlhhlawh a nih vang a ni thei a, a sang zawk erawh chu tumruh taka dah belh vang a ni thei thung. Chubakah, melamine level hniam tak nei bawnghnute ei avanga mihring hriselna atana hlauhawm zawng zawng chu a hniam hle niin an ngai bawk. Chutiang melamine level hniam tak nei thil ei hian consumer hriselna atan hlauhawmna a thlen lo tih thutlukna siam theih a ni52.
Dairy industry-a ei leh in himna enkawlna pawimawhzia ngaihtuah hian, a bik takin mipui hriselna humhalh kawngah, milk powder leh nausen chaw siamna atana melamine level leh residue awm zat tehna leh tehkhin dan tur siam leh tihdik hi a pawimawh ber a ni. Nausen chaw leh bawnghnute powder-a melamine awm zat tehna atan HPLC-UV spectrophotometric method awlsam leh dik tak siam a ni. A rintlak leh dik loh nan method chu validate a ni. He method hi detection leh quantification limits te hi nausen formula leh milk powder-a melamine level tehna tur sensitive tawk a ni tih hmuhchhuah a ni. Kan data atanga a lan dan chuan Iran sample tam zawkah hian melamine hmuhchhuah a ni. Melamine level hmuhchhuah zawng zawng hi CAC-in maximum allowable limits a siam aia hniam a ni a, hei hian heng bawnghnute chi hrang hrang ei hian mihring hriselna a tichhe lo tih a tilang a ni.
Chemical reagent hman zawng zawng hi analytical grade a ni vek a: melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) 99% thianghlim (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); HPLC-grade hmanga siam acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) a ni a; tui thianghlim tak (Millipore, Morfheim, France) a ni. Syringe filter hman theih (Chromafil Xtra PVDF-45/25, pore size 0.45 μm, membrane diameter 25 mm) (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) hmanga siam a ni.
Sample siam nan hian ultrasonic bath (Elma, Germany), centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) leh HPLC (KNAUER, Germany) te hman a ni.
UV detector hmanga thuam, high performance liquid chromatograph (KNAUER, Germany) hman a ni. HPLC analysis conditions chu hetiang hi a ni: UHPLC Ultimate system, ODS-3 C18 analytical column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm) (MZ, Germany) hmanga thuam hman a ni. HPLC eluent (mobile phase) chu TFA/methanol mixture (450:50 mL) a ni a, a flow rate chu 1 mL min-1 a ni. Detection wavelength chu 242 nm a ni. Injection volume chu 100 μL a ni a, column temperature chu 20 °C a ni. Damdawi retention time (minute 15) a nih avangin a hnua injection chu minute 25 hnuah tih tur a ni. Melamine hi melamine standard-a retention time leh UV spectrum peak te khaikhin a ni.
Tui hmangin melamine standard solution (10 μg/mL) siam a ni a, êng atanga hla takah refrigerator (4 °C)-ah dah a ni. Stock solution chu mobile phase hmangin dilute la, working standard solutions buatsaih rawh. Standard solution tin chu HPLC-ah vawi 7 inject a ni. Calibration equation 10 chu peak area tihfel leh concentration ruat sa regression analysis hmanga chhut a ni.
Iran rama tualchhung supermarket leh damdawi dawr hrang hrang atangin naute kum hrang hrang (thla 0–6, thla 6–12, leh thla 12) chaw pekna tur bawnghnute powder (sample 20) leh bawnghnute atanga siam nausen siamna brand hrang hrang sample (sample 20) te lei a ni a, refrigerated temperature (4 °C)-ah analysis thlengin dah a ni. Tichuan, homogenized milk powder 1 ± 0.01 g chu an rit a, acetonitrile:tui (50:50, v/v; 5 mL) nen an pawlh a. Chumi hnuah chuan ultrasonic bath-ah min 30 chhung sonicated a ni a, a tawpah chuan 1 min chhung a vawt leh a. Chumi hnuah 9000 × g-ah room temperature-ah min 10 chhung centrifuged a ni a, supernatant chu 0.45 μm syringe filter hmangin 2 ml autosampler vial-ah filter a ni. Chumi hnuah filtrate (250 μl) chu tui (750 μl) nen an pawlh a, HPLC system-ah an inject a ni10,42.
Method validate turin recovery, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), leh precision te chu optimal condition hnuaiah kan teh a. LOD chu sample content, peak height baseline noise level aiin a let thum zeta sang tihna a ni. A lehlamah chuan signal-to-noise ratio aiin a let 10-a peak height nei sample content chu LOQ tia sawi a ni.
Device response chu data point pasarih awmna calibration curve hmangin an chhut a ni. Melamine awm zat hrang hrang (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 leh 1.2) hman a ni. Melamine chhut dan linearity chu an chhut chhuak a. Hei bakah hian blank sample-ah hian melamine level hrang hrang engemaw zat dah a ni bawk. Calibration curve hi naute formula leh powder milk sample-ah standard melamine solution 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 inject chhunzawm zel a ni a, a R2 = 0.9925 a ni. A dikna chu repeatability leh reproducibility hmanga teh a ni a, ni khatna leh a hnu ni thum (triplicate-a)-a sample inject-in a ni. He method hi repeatability chu added melamine concentration hrang hrang pathum RSD % chhut a ni. Recovery study te chu a dik leh dik loh hriat nan an ti a. Extraction method hmanga dam lehna degree chu naute chaw leh bawnghnute vawt sample-a melamine concentration level pathum (0.1, 1.2, 2)-ah chhut a ni9,11,15.
Nitin ei tur zat (EDI) chu a hnuaia formula hmang hian an chhut a: EDI = Ci × Cc/BW.
Ci chu melamine awm zat a nih chuan Cc chu bawnghnute ei zat a ni a, BW chu naupang rit zawng zat a ni.
Data analysis chu SPSS 24 hmangin an ti a, Normality chu Kolmogorov-Smirnov test hmangin an test a; data zawng zawng hi nonparametric test (p = 0) a ni. Chuvangin, Kruskal-Wallis test leh Mann-Whitney test hmangin group hrang hrangte inthlauhna nasa tak an hmuchhuak a ni.
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